PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Britain				Ordovician of the Baltic				Devonian of France	North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Silurian of England		Carboniferous of North America	Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of North America
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Sheridanian						Late Pleistocene			0.0117
		Chibanian										Sheridanian						Middle Pleistocene			0.129
		Chibanian										Cudahyan/Sappan						Middle Pleistocene			0.21
		Calabrian										Cudahyan/Sappan						Early Pleistocene			0.774
		Calabrian										Senecan/Rexroadian									1.4
		Gelasian																			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																Late Pliocene			2.58
		Zanclean																Early Pliocene			3.6
		Zanclean										Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						Early Pliocene			4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																Late Miocene			5.333
		Tortonian																			7.246
		Tortonian										Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian									9.4
		Serravallian										Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						Middle Miocene			11.63
		Serravallian										late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian									12.5
		Langhian																			13.82
		Burdigalian																Early Miocene			15.98
												Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian									16.3
												late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian								18.5
		Aquitanian																			20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																Late Oligocene			23.03
													Monroecreekian								23.1 *
													Geringian								24.7 *
		Rupelian											Geringian					Early Oligocene			27.82
		Rupelian																Early Oligocene			29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian										Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian						Late Eocene			33.9
		Priabonian																Late Eocene			37
		Bartonian																Middle Eocene			37.71
		Bartonian										Late Uintan/Early Uintan									39.7
		Lutetian										Late Uintan/Early Uintan									41.2
		Lutetian										Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian									46.2
		Ypresian										Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						Early Eocene			47.8
												Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean									50.5
														Cf3/Cf2/Cf1							54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian												Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				Late Paleocene			56
		Thanetian												Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				Late Paleocene			56.2
		Selandian												Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				Middle Paleocene			59.2
		Selandian												To3/To2/To1				Middle Paleocene			60.9
		Danian												To3/To2/To1				Early Paleocene			61.6
		Danian												Pu3/Pu2/Pu1				Early Paleocene			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																			66
		Campanian																			72.1
		Santonian																			83.6
		Coniacian																			86.3
		Turonian																			89.8
		Cenomanian																			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																			100.5
		Aptian																			113
		Barremian																			121.4
		Hauterivian																			125.77
		Valanginian																			132.6
		Berriasian																			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																			145
		Kimmeridgian																			149.2
		Oxfordian																			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																			161.5
		Bathonian																			165.3
		Bajocian																			168.2
		Aalenian																			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																			174.7
		Pliensbachian																			184.2
		Sinemurian																			192.9
		Hettangian																			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																			201.4
		Norian																			208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian	Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian	Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian	Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian	Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian	Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian	Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian	323.2
		Visean	Chesterian	330.9
			Meramecian	335.8 *
			Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Couvinien		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Pragian	Coblencien		408.2 *
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian					425.6
		Gorstian				Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian				Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian			Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Telychian					436.3 *
		Aeronian					438.5
		Aeronian			Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian			Cowleigh Park		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ashgill		Hirnantian	Harju	Porkuni		Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian					Rawtheyan		Pirgu			Gamachian	445.2
							Rawtheyan					Richmondian	446 *
							Cautleyan						448.9 *
							Pusgillian						449.3 *
					Caradoc		Streffordian		Onnian †				Vormsi	449.6 *
												Maysvillian	Vormsi	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
												Maysvillian	Nabala		Johvi †	450 *
												Edenian	Nabala			450.4 *
								Viru				Edenian	Rakvere			450.6 *
											Mohawkian	Chatfieldian				451.1 *
							Cheneyan									451.5 *
							Cheneyan						Oandu			452 *
							Burrellian						Oandu			452.7 *
		Sandbian											Keila		Idavere †	453
									Actonian †							453.2 *
												Turinian				453.7 *
													Haljala			453.9
									Marshbrookian †							Woolstonian †	454.2 *
									Longvillian †								455.2 *
													Kukruse				456.4 *
							Aurelucian										456.8 *
											Whiterockian			Canadian †			Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
									Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian									457.4 *
									Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				Uhaku		Aluoja †			457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Llanvirn		Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn						Uhaku					458.4
													Lasnamagi					458.9 *
													Aseri					460.4 *
							Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn						Aseri					461.3 *
								Oeland					Kunda					462.9 *
													Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum			464.3 *
													Volkhov					Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian																	467.3
					Arenig		Fennian												468.4 *
												Rangerian							469.1 *
												Rangerian	Billingen						469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian									Ibexian	Blackhillsian					Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
															Latorp †					470.1 *
							Whitlandian													471.1 *
													Hunneberg							473.7 *
												Tulean								473.9 *
							Moridunian													474.3 *
		Tremadocian			Tremadoc		Migneintian													477.7
				Stairsian			Migneintian					480.3 *
							Cressagian					480.8 *
												Varangu	481.3 *
				Skullrockian								Varangu	Demingian †						482 *
												Pakerort							482.2 *
																			485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10																	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
																				486.3 *
								486.5
											Sunwaptan									487.5
		Jiangshanian									Sunwaptan									489.5
		Jiangshanian									Steptoean									493 *
		Paibian									Steptoean									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Marjumian								Albertian †	497
		Drumian									Marjumian									500.5
		Wuliuan									Topazan									504.5
		Wuliuan									Delamaran									506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Waucoban †					Delamaran								509
		Stage 4									Dyeran								511 *
		Stage 3									Dyeran								514
											Montezuman								514.8 *
										Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
																					538.8