PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Britain				Carboniferous of North America	Permian Subages of Germany	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Cambrian of China		Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian Epochs	European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Late Pleistocene			0.0117
		Chibanian										Middle Pleistocene			0.129
		Calabrian										Early Pleistocene			0.774
		Gelasian										Early Pleistocene			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Late Pliocene		Villanyian	2.58
		Piacenzian										Late Pliocene		Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean										Early Pliocene		Ruscinian	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian										Late Miocene		Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian												Turolian	7.246
		Tortonian												Vallesian	8.7
		Serravallian										Middle Miocene		Astaracian	11.63
		Langhian										Middle Miocene		Astaracian	13.82
		Burdigalian										Early Miocene		Orleanian	15.98
		Burdigalian												Agenian	20
		Aquitanian												Agenian	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Late Oligocene			23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian										Early Oligocene			27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian										Late Eocene			33.9
		Bartonian										Middle Eocene			37.71
		Lutetian										Middle Eocene			41.2
		Ypresian										Early Eocene			47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Late Paleocene			56
		Selandian										Middle Paleocene			59.2
		Danian										Early Paleocene			61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian													168.2
		Aalenian													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
		Pliensbachian													184.2
		Sinemurian													192.9
		Hettangian													199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
		Norian													208.5
		Carnian													227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian													237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian													242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian													247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan													251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						Buntsandstein							251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						Buntsandstein							254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Ohre/Aller							259.51
		Wordian						Leine							264.28
		Roadian													266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian													273.01
		Artinskian													283.5
		Sakmarian													290.1
		Asselian					Bursumian †								293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Virgilian								298.9
		Kasimovian	Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian	Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian	Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian	Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian	Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian	Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian	323.2
		Visean	Chesterian	330.9
			Meramecian	335.8 *
			Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
		Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian		Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian			Rawtheyan	445.2
					Cautleyan	448.9 *
					Pusgillian	449.3 *
				Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
					Cheneyan		451.5 *
					Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian					453
						Actonian †	453.2 *
						Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †		454.2 *
						Longvillian †			455.2 *
					Aurelucian	Longvillian †			456.8 *
					Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				458.4
		Darriwilian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				461.3 *
		Dapingian			Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				467.3
		Dapingian		Arenig	Fennian				468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Fennian				470
					Whitlandian				471.1 *
					Moridunian				474.3 *
		Tremadocian		Tremadoc	Migneintian				477.7
				Tremadoc	Cressagian				480.8 *
									485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian							Jiangshanian			489.5
		Paibian							Paibian			494
		Paibian							Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Middle Cambrian	497
		Guzhangian							Guzhangian			Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian							Drumian				500.5
		Wuliuan							Wuliuan/Taijangian				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Branchian	Duyunian		Early Cambrian	509
		Stage 3						Branchian	Nangaoian			514
		Stage 3						Placentian	Nangaoian			517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							Meishucunian			521
		Fortunian							Meishucunian			529
		Fortunian							Jinnigian			530.7
															538.8