PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126901 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ordovician of Britain				Carboniferous of Western Europe		Cambrian of Siberia			Permian of the Russian Platform		Obsolete Precambrian Ages		North American Land Mammal Ages	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan														Saintaugustinean			0
				Meghalayan														Santarosean			0.0004
				Northgrippian																	0.0042
				Greenlandian																	0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																	0.0117
				Late Pleistocene														Rancholabrean			0.014
				Chibanian														Rancholabrean			0.129
				Chibanian														Irvingtonian			0.21
				Calabrian														Irvingtonian			0.774
				Calabrian														Blancan			1.4
				Gelasian																	1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																	2.58
				Zanclean																	3.6
				Zanclean														Hemphillian			4.7
			Miocene	Messinian																	5.333
				Tortonian																	7.246
				Tortonian														Clarendonian			9.4
				Serravallian														Clarendonian			11.63
				Serravallian														Barstovian			12.5
				Langhian																	13.82
				Burdigalian																	15.98
																		Hemingfordian			16.3
																		Arikareean			18.5
				Aquitanian																	20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
				Rupelian															Kekeamuan		27.82
																		Whitneyan			29.5
																		Orellan			31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian														Chadronian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
				Priabonian														Duchesnean	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		37
				Bartonian														Duchesnean	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
				Bartonian														Uintan			39.7
				Lutetian														Uintan			41.2
				Lutetian														Bridgerian			46.2
				Ypresian														Bridgerian		Bumbanian	47.8
																		Wasatchian			50.5
																		Clarkforkian			54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian														Clarkforkian	Gashatan		56
				Thanetian														Tiffanian	Gashatan		56.2
				Selandian														Tiffanian			59.2
				Selandian														Torrejonian			60.9
				Danian														Torrejonian			61.6
				Danian														Puercan			63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																	66
				Campanian																	72.1
				Santonian																	83.6
				Coniacian																	86.3
				Turonian																	89.8
				Cenomanian																	93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian																	100.5
				Aptian																	113
				Barremian																	121.4
				Hauterivian																	125.77
				Valanginian																	132.6
				Berriasian																	139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																	145
				Kimmeridgian																	149.2
				Oxfordian																	154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
				Bathonian																	165.3
				Bajocian																	168.2
				Aalenian																	170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian																	174.7
				Pliensbachian																	184.2
Sinemurian				192.9
Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Meishanian	251.902
			Changhsingian	Baoqingian	253.4 *
			Wuchiapingian	Laoshanian	254.14
				Laoshanian	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
				Laibinian		Vyatkian	257.7 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Severodvinian		Lengwuan	259.51
			Wordian	Urzhumian		Kuhfengian	264.28
			Roadian	Kazanian	Povolzhian		266.9
			Roadian	Kazanian	Sokian		270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	Luodianian	273.01
					Filipovian		276.5 *
					Saraninian		280.1 *
			Artinskian	Artinskian	Sarginian		283.5
					Sarginian	Longlinian	285.4 *
					Irginian		285.9 *
					Burtsevian		287.8 *
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian		290.1
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Tastubian		291.7 *
			Asselian	Asselian	Shikhanian	Zisongian	293.52
					Uskalykian		294.8
					Surenian		297.5
					Surenian		Kuzel	297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
								300.1
							Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
								Stephanian B	300.9 *
								Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian					Stephanian A	303.7
			Kasimovian					Cantabrian	305 *
			Moscovian					Cantabrian	307
							Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
								Westphalian C	309.8
								Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian					Westphalian B	315.2
								Westphalian A	317 *
							Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chokierian	323.2
								Arnsbergian	324 *
								Pendleian	327.4 *
			Visean				Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
							Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
							Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
			Tournaisian				Ivorian		346.7
			Tournaisian				Hastarian		353.7 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
			Pragian						407.6
			Lochkovian						410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
		Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
			Aeronian						438.5
			Rhuddanian						440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Ashgill	Hirnantian	Kosovian	443.8
Katian			Rawtheyan							Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
			Cautleyan									448.9 *
			Pusgillian									449.3 *
			Caradoc						Streffordian			Onnian †	449.6 *
									Streffordian	Berounian			449.7 *
									Cheneyan				451.5 *
									Burrellian				452.7 *
Sandbian													453
												Actonian †	453.2 *
												Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
												Longvillian †		455.2 *
														Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
									Aurelucian							456.8 *
												Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
											Liben †	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				458 *
Middle Ordovician		Darriwilian	Llanvirn						Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn							458.4
										Dobrotivian						458.5 *
										Oretanian						459.7 *
									Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn							461.3 *
											Sarka †					461.7 *
		Dapingian									Klabava †					467.3
										Arenigian						468
			Arenig	Fennian	468.4 *
Early Ordovician		Floian		Fennian	470
				Whitlandian	471.1 *
				Moridunian	474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc	Migneintian	Tremadocian				477.7
				Cressagian					480.8 *
				Cressagian					Mansian †	483.55 *
									Mansian †	485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Batyrbaian				Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian						485.4
		Jiangshanian			Batyrbaian											489.5
					Aksaian											490.7 *
					Sakian											492.2 *
		Paibian														494
		Paibian								Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian						494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Ayusokkanian											497
					Ayusokkanian											Arcadian	498.4
					Mayan/Menevian												499.5
		Drumian			Mayan/Menevian												500.5
		Wuliuan			Amgan/Solvan												504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Amgan/Solvan											Branchian	509
					Toyonian				Lenian †								510 *
					Botomian												512.5 *
		Stage 3			Botomian												514
					Atdabanian												515.6 *
					Atdabanian			Placentian								517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Tommotian											521
		Stage 2			Nemakit-Daldynian		525.5
		Fortunian			Nemakit-Daldynian		Manykaian †		529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran														Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran														Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																					635