PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Britain				Permian of China	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Devonian of France	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Carboniferous Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan								Wanganui	Haweran		0
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
		Chibanian											0.129
		Chibanian									Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian									Castlecliffian		0.774
		Calabrian									Nukumaruan		1.63
		Gelasian									Nukumaruan		1.8
		Gelasian									Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Mangapanian		2.58
		Piacenzian									Waipipian		3
		Zanclean									Waipipian		3.6
		Zanclean									Opoitian		3.7
	Miocene	Messinian								Taranaki	Kapitean		5.333
		Messinian									Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian									Tongaporutuan		7.246
		Tortonian								Southland	Waiauan		11.04
		Serravallian									Waiauan		11.63
		Serravallian									Lillburnian		13.05
		Langhian									Lillburnian		13.82
											Clifdenian		15.1
										Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian									Altonian		15.98
		Burdigalian									Otaian		18.7
		Aquitanian									Otaian		20.44
		Aquitanian								Landon	Waitakian		21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Waitakian		23.03
											Duntroonian		25.2
											Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian											27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian											33.9
										Arnold	Runangan		34.6
											Kaiatan		36.7
		Bartonian									Kaiatan		37.71
		Bartonian									Bortonian		39.1
		Lutetian									Bortonian		41.2
										Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
											Heretaungan		45.7
		Ypresian									Heretaungan		47.8
											Mangaorapan		48.9
											Waipawan		52
	Paleocene	Thanetian									Teurian		56
		Selandian											59.2
		Danian											61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Lancian/Edmontonian		Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian						Judithian/Aquilan			Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian									Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian								Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
											Mangaotanean		90.5
											Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian									Arowhanan		93.9
										Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
											Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									Motuan		100.5
											Urutawan		103.3
										Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian									Korangan		113
		Aptian											117.5
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian		145
		Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Oxfordian		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		168.2
		Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		174.7
		Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian		201.4
		Norian		208.5
		Carnian		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian		Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian		Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian		Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian		Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian		Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian		Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian		Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian		Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Zisongian	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Gzhelian				300.1
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean			Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian			Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Frasnian		Adorf		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian		Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Couvinien		Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian		393.3
		Pragian					Siegen		407.6
		Pragian			Coblencien		Siegen		408.2 *
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine		Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian							Rawtheyan	445.2
									Cautleyan	448.9 *
									Pusgillian	449.3 *
								Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †		449.6 *
									Cheneyan		451.5 *
									Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian									453
										Actonian †	453.2 *
										Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
			Longvillian †							455.2 *
			Longvillian †						Aurelucian	456.8 *
			Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian						Aurelucian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn					Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian						Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian						Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
		Dapingian	Arenig					Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Fennian			470
								Whitlandian			471.1 *
								Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc					Migneintian			477.7
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc					Cressagian			480.8 *
													485 *