PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ordovician of Britain				Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cretaceous Subepochs	Silurian of the Baltic	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Mesozoic Subages		Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe
Phanerozoic	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Senonian				Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian				66
				Campanian										Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian				72.1
				Santonian										Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian				83.6
				Coniacian										Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian				86.3
				Turonian										Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian				89.8
				Cenomanian										Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian				93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian						Gallic				Late Albian				100.5
														Middle Albian				106.2 *
														Early Albian				109.9 *
				Aptian										Late Aptian				113
				Aptian										Early Aptian				119.5 *
				Barremian										Late Barremian/Early Barremian				121.4
				Hauterivian						Neocomian				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian				125.77
				Valanginian										Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian				132.6
				Berriasian										Late Berriasian				139.8
														Middle Berriasian				140.6 *
														Early Berriasian				142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								Oteke	Puaroan	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			145
				Tithonian										Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian										Late Kimmeridgian				149.2
												Kawhia	Ohauan	Late Kimmeridgian				150
													Ohauan	Early Kimmeridgian				152.2 *
													Heterian	Early Kimmeridgian				154.5
				Oxfordian										Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			154.8
				Oxfordian											Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian			157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian										Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				161.5
				Callovian									Temaikan	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian				164.3
				Bathonian										Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				165.3
				Bajocian										Late Bajocian		Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites		168.2
														Late Bajocian			Humphresianum	168.4
														Early Bajocian			Humphresianum	168.6 *
				Aalenian										Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian										Late Toarcian		Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
												Herangi	Ururoan				Thouarsense	176
																		180.1
														Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
														Middle Toarcian		Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
														Early Toarcian		Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182.9 *
				Pliensbachian										Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
				Pliensbachian									Aratauran	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		188.9
				Sinemurian										Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
				Hettangian										Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian								Balfour	Otapirian					201.4
				Norian									Warepan	Sevatian				208.5
														Alaunian				213.2 *
														Lacian				216.7 *
													Otamitan					217
													Oretian					221
				Carnian									Oretian	Tuvalian				227
												Gore	Kaihikuan	Tuvalian				227.5
														Julian				233.4 *
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian										Longobardian				237
													Etalian	Longobardian				238
														Fassanian				239.7 *
				Anisian										Illyrian				242
														Pelsonian				243.8 *
														Bithynian				244.7 *
														Aegean				245.5 *
													Malakovian	Aegean				246
			Early Triassic	Olenekian					Vokhmian					Spathian				247.2
														Smithian				248.9 *
													Nelsonian	Smithian				249
				Induan										Dienerian				251.2
														Griesbachian				251.4 *
DUrville	Makarewan				251.5									Griesbachian
	Makarewan	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Waiitian				Changhsingian			253.2
	Waiitian				Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		254.14
	Puruhauan				Wuchiapingian	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		254.2
Guadalupian	Capitanian			Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	Aparima	Flettian		259.51
	Wordian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		Flettian		264.28
	Wordian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		Barettian		266
	Roadian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian				266.9
Cisuralian	Kungurian							273.01
	Kungurian					Mangapirian		276
	Artinskian					Mangapirian		283.5
						Telfordian		285
								288.5
	Sakmarian							290.1
	Asselian							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian		Gzhelian					298.9
			Kasimovian					303.7
			Moscovian					307
			Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian		Serpukhovian					323.2
			Visean					330.9
			Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian		Famennian					Late Famennian	358.9
								Middle Famennian	365.3 *
								Early Famennian	368.5 *
			Frasnian					Late Frasnian	372.2
								Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
								Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian		Givetian					Late Givetian	382.7
								Middle Givetian	383.7 *
								Early Givetian	385.9 *
			Eifelian					Late Eifelian	387.7
			Eifelian					Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian		Emsian					Late Emsian	393.3
			Emsian					Early Emsian	398.3 *
			Pragian					Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian					Late Lochkovian	410.8
								Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
								Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli							Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli							Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow		Ludfordian					Kuressaare		423
			Ludfordian					Paadla		423.4 *
			Gorstian					Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock		Homerian					Rootsikula		427.4
			Homerian					Jaagarahu		429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian					Jaagarahu		430.5
			Sheinwoodian					Jaani		431.8 *
	Llandovery		Telychian					Jaani		433.4
			Telychian					Adavere		434 *
			Aeronian					Adavere		438.5
			Aeronian					Raikkula		439.4 *
			Rhuddanian					Raikkula		440.8
			Rhuddanian					Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician		Hirnantian					Ashgill		Hirnantian	443.8
			Katian							Rawtheyan	445.2
										Cautleyan	448.9 *
										Pusgillian	449.3 *
								Caradoc		Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
										Cheneyan		451.5 *
										Burrellian		452.7 *
			Sandbian									453
											Actonian †	453.2 *
											Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
		Longvillian †					455.2 *
		Longvillian †					Aurelucian			456.8 *
		Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian					Aurelucian				457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn				Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				458.4
		Darriwilian					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				461.3 *
		Dapingian					Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn				467.3
		Dapingian	Arenig				Fennian				468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Fennian				470
				Whitlandian			471.1 *
				Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc	Migneintian			477.7
			Tremadoc	Cressagian			480.8 *
					485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			485.4
		Jiangshanian			489.5
		Paibian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			497
		Drumian			500.5
		Wuliuan			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			509
	Series 2	Stage 3			514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran					Vendian				538.8
		Cryogenian									635
		Tonian									720
		Tonian					Karatau				800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian					Karatau				1000
		Stenian					Yurmatian				1100
		Ectasian					Yurmatian				1200
		Ectasian					Burzyan				1375
																		1400