PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ordovician of Britain				Mesozoic Subages		Precambrian of Russia	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Ordovician of North America		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian													Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian	27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian													Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
				Bartonian													Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
				Lutetian															41.2
				Ypresian														Bumbanian	47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian													Gashatan		56
				Selandian															59.2
				Danian															61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian										66
				Campanian					Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian										72.1
				Santonian					Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian										83.6
				Coniacian					Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian										86.3
				Turonian					Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian										89.8
				Cenomanian					Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian										93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian					Late Albian										100.5
									Middle Albian										106.2 *
									Early Albian										109.9 *
				Aptian					Late Aptian										113
				Aptian					Early Aptian										119.5 *
				Barremian					Late Barremian/Early Barremian										121.4
				Hauterivian					Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian										125.77
				Valanginian					Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian										132.6
				Berriasian					Late Berriasian										139.8
									Middle Berriasian										140.6 *
									Early Berriasian										142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									145
				Tithonian					Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian					Late Kimmeridgian										149.2
				Kimmeridgian					Early Kimmeridgian										152.2 *
				Oxfordian					Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian									154.8
				Oxfordian						Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian									157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian					Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian										161.5
				Bathonian					Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian										165.3
				Bajocian					Late Bajocian			Epizigzagiceras							168.2
									Late Bajocian			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense							168.4
									Early Bajocian			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense							168.6 *
				Aalenian					Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni							170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Late Toarcian			Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta							174.7
												Planulata							179.3 *
														Arnioceras arnouldi					179.8 *
									Middle Toarcian										180.4 *
												Kanense							181.3 *
												Carlottense							182.3 *
									Early Toarcian			Carlottense							182.9 *
									Early Toarcian			Kunae							183.5 *
				Pliensbachian					Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			Kunae							184.2
												Freboldi							185.1 *
												Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras						186.2 *
													Tetraspidoceras						189.2 *
												Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis						190.3 *
				Sinemurian					Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian										192.9
												Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras					196.4 *
												Franziceras/Euphyllites							196.5 *
				Hettangian					Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			Franziceras/Euphyllites							199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
				Norian					Sevatian										208.5
									Alaunian										213.2 *
									Lacian										216.7 *
				Carnian					Tuvalian										227
				Carnian					Julian										233.4 *
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian					Longobardian										237
				Ladinian					Fassanian										239.7 *
				Anisian					Illyrian										242
Pelsonian					243.8 *
Bithynian					244.7 *
Aegean					245.5 *
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian	251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
			Wordian		264.28
			Roadian		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
			Artinskian		283.5
			Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Mapingian †	298.9
			Kasimovian		Mapingian †	303.7
			Kasimovian			305.9
			Moscovian			307
			Bashkirian			315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
			Visean			330.9
			Tournaisian			346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
			Pragian			407.6
			Lochkovian			410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli				Ohesaare	419.2
		Pridoli				Kaugetuma	421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian			Paadla	423.4 *
			Gorstian			Paadla	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula	427.4
			Homerian			Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian			Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian			Jaani	433.4
			Telychian			Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian			Adavere	438.5
			Aeronian			Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian			Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian			Juuru	441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ashgill	Hirnantian	Cincinnatian	Gamachian		443.8
			Katian				Rawtheyan		Gamachian		445.2
							Rawtheyan		Richmondian		446 *
							Cautleyan				448.9 *
							Pusgillian				449.3 *
						Caradoc	Streffordian				Onnian †				449.6 *
									Maysvillian						Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
									Edenian				450.4 *
								Mohawkian	Chatfieldian				451.1 *
							Cheneyan					451.5 *
							Burrellian					452.7 *
			Sandbian									453
											Actonian †	453.2 *
									Turinian		Actonian †	453.7 *
											Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
											Longvillian †		455.2 *
							Aurelucian						456.8 *
								Whiterockian					Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
											Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian			Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn								458.4
			Darriwilian				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn								461.3 *
			Dapingian				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn								467.3
						Arenig	Fennian								468.4 *
									Rangerian						469.1 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian					Ibexian	Blackhillsian					Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
Whitlandian				471.1 *					Blackhillsian
Whitlandian				Tulean			473.9 *
Moridunian							474.3 *
Tremadocian			Tremadoc			Migneintian	477.7
				Stairsian		Migneintian	480.3 *
				Stairsian		Cressagian	480.8 *
				Skullrockian		Cressagian	Demingian †		482 *
							Demingian †		485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10												485.4
		Stage 10												487.5
		Jiangshanian												489.5
		Paibian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			497
		Drumian			500.5
		Wuliuan			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			509
	Series 2	Stage 3			514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran													Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian														635
		Tonian														720
		Tonian													Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian													Karatau	1000
		Stenian													Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian													Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian													Burzyan	1375
																			1400