PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127356 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ordovician of Britain				Mesozoic Subages		Cretaceous Subepochs	Ordovician of the Baltic				Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Precambrian of Russia	Cambrian of North America		Ten Million Year Bins
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												Wanganui	Haweran				Cenozoic 6	0
				Northgrippian																		0.0042
				Greenlandian																		0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																		0.0117
				Chibanian																		0.129
				Chibanian													Castlecliffian					0.34
				Calabrian													Castlecliffian					0.774
				Calabrian													Nukumaruan					1.63
				Gelasian													Nukumaruan					1.8
				Gelasian													Mangapanian					2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													Mangapanian					2.58
				Piacenzian													Waipipian					3
				Zanclean													Waipipian					3.6
				Zanclean													Opoitian					3.7
			Miocene	Messinian												Taranaki	Kapitean					5.333
				Messinian													Tongaporutuan					7.2
				Tortonian													Tongaporutuan					7.246
				Tortonian												Southland	Waiauan					11.04
				Serravallian													Waiauan				Cenozoic 5	11.63
				Serravallian													Lillburnian					13.05
				Langhian													Lillburnian					13.82
																	Clifdenian					15.1
																Pareora	Altonian					15.9
				Burdigalian													Altonian					15.98
				Burdigalian													Otaian					18.7
				Aquitanian													Otaian					20.44
				Aquitanian												Landon	Waitakian					21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													Waitakian				Cenozoic 4	23.03
																	Duntroonian					25.2
																	Whaingaroan					27.3
				Rupelian																		27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian																	Cenozoic 3	33.9
																Arnold	Runangan					34.6
																	Kaiatan					36.7
				Bartonian													Kaiatan					37.71
				Bartonian													Bortonian					39.1
				Lutetian													Bortonian				Cenozoic 2	41.2
																Dannevirke	Porangan					42.6
																	Heretaungan					45.7
				Ypresian													Heretaungan					47.8
																	Mangaorapan					48.9
																	Waipawan					52
			Paleocene	Thanetian													Teurian				Cenozoic 1	56
				Selandian																		59.2
				Danian																		61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Senonian					Mata	Haumurian				Cretaceous 8	66
				Campanian					Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian								Haumurian				Cretaceous 7	72.1
				Santonian					Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian								Piripauan				Cretaceous 6	83.6
				Santonian					Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian							Raukumara	Teratan					86.1
				Coniacian					Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian													86.3
				Turonian					Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian													89.8
																	Mangaotanean					90.5
																	Arowhanan					93.7
				Cenomanian					Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian								Arowhanan				Cretaceous 5	93.9
																Clarence	Ngaterian					95.2
																	Motuan					99.5
			Early Cretaceous	Albian					Late Albian		Gallic						Motuan				Cretaceous 4	100.5
									Late Albian								Urutawan					103.3
									Middle Albian								Urutawan					106.2 *
									Middle Albian							Taitai	Korangan					108.4
									Early Albian													109.9 *
				Aptian					Late Aptian												Cretaceous 3	113
									Late Aptian													117.5
									Early Aptian													119.5 *
Barremian				Late Barremian/Early Barremian	Cretaceous 2	121.4
Hauterivian				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	Neocomian	125.77
Valanginian				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	Cretaceous 1		132.6
Berriasian				Late Berriasian			139.8
				Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
				Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			Jurassic 6	145
			Tithonian	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian			Jurassic 6	146.3 *
			Kimmeridgian	Late Kimmeridgian				Jurassic 5	149.2
			Kimmeridgian	Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
			Oxfordian	Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				154.8
			Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				157.9 *
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
			Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian				Jurassic 4	165.3
			Bajocian	Late Bajocian					168.2
			Bajocian	Early Bajocian					168.6 *
			Aalenian	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				Jurassic 3	170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Late Toarcian					174.7
				Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
				Early Toarcian					182.9 *
			Pliensbachian	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				Jurassic 2	184.2
			Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				Jurassic 1	192.9
			Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian				Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian					Triassic 4	201.4
			Norian	Sevatian					208.5
				Alaunian					213.2 *
				Lacian					216.7 *
			Carnian	Tuvalian				Triassic 3	227
			Carnian	Julian				Triassic 3	233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian				Triassic 2	237
			Ladinian	Fassanian					239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian					242
				Pelsonian					243.8 *
				Bithynian					244.7 *
				Aegean					245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian				Triassic 1	247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian					248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian					251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian					251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Permian 4	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
			Wordian						264.28
			Roadian					Permian 3	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian					Permian 2	273.01
			Artinskian						283.5
			Sakmarian						290.1
			Asselian					Permian 1	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Carboniferous 5	298.9
			Kasimovian					Carboniferous 5	303.7
			Moscovian					Carboniferous 4	307
			Bashkirian					Carboniferous 4	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Carboniferous 3	323.2
			Visean					Carboniferous 2	330.9
			Tournaisian					Carboniferous 1	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Devonian 5	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					Devonian 4	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					Devonian 3	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Devonian 3	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					Devonian 2	393.3
			Pragian					Devonian 1	407.6
			Lochkovian					Devonian 1	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli						Silurian 2	Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
		Pridoli							Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
			Gorstian								425.6
			Gorstian							Buildwas	426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian							Buildwas	427.4
			Homerian						Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
			Sheinwoodian								430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian			Silurian 1	433.4
			Telychian					436.3 *
			Aeronian					438.5
			Aeronian					Cowleigh Park	439.3 *
			Rhuddanian					Cowleigh Park	440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Ashgill		Hirnantian	Harju	Porkuni	Ordovician 5		Kosovian	443.8
			Katian		Rawtheyan			Pirgu		Kralodvorian			Bohdalec †	445.2
					Cautleyan									448.9 *
					Pusgillian									449.3 *
					Caradoc	Streffordian		Onnian †						Vormsi	449.6 *
										Berounian				Vormsi	449.7 *
														Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
									Viru					Rakvere		450.6 *
						Cheneyan								Rakvere		451.5 *
						Cheneyan								Oandu		452 *
						Burrellian								Oandu		452.7 *
			Sandbian								Keila			Idavere †	Ordovician 4	453
								Actonian †			Keila					453.2 *
								Actonian †			Haljala					453.9
								Marshbrookian †								Woolstonian †	454.2 *
								Longvillian †									455.2 *
																	Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
											Kukruse								456.4 *
						Aurelucian													456.8 *
								Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian											457.4 *
											Uhaku			Aluoja †					457.5 *
													Liben †						458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn									Ordovician 3				458.4
										Dobrotivian									458.5 *
										Dobrotivian	Lasnamagi								458.9 *
										Oretanian	Lasnamagi								459.7 *
											Aseri								460.4 *
						Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn													461.3 *
Sarka †													461.7 *
									Oeland		Kunda		462.9 *
											Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
											Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka				467.1 *
Dapingian			Ordovician 2												Klabava †			467.3
										Arenigian								468
					Arenig	Fennian												468.4 *
											Billingen							469.3 *
Early Ordovician		Floian																470
													Latorp †					470.1 *
						Whitlandian												471.1 *
						Whitlandian					Hunneberg							473.7 *
						Moridunian												474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc		Migneintian	Ordovician 1				Tremadocian								477.7
					Cressagian													480.8 *
											Varangu							481.3 *
											Pakerort							482.2 *
																		485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan			Cambrian 5						485.4
																			486.3 *
																			486.5
																			Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian																	Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian																	Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian																	Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Marjumian			Albertian †						Cambrian 4	497
		Drumian								Marjumian									Cambrian 4	500.5
		Wuliuan								Topazan									Cambrian 3	504.5
		Wuliuan								Delamaran										506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Delamaran			Waucoban †							509
		Stage 4								Dyeran										511 *
		Stage 3								Dyeran									Cambrian 2	514
							Montezuman			514.8 *
							Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								Cambrian 1									529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian									538.8
		Cryogenian																			635
		Tonian																			720
		Tonian										Karatau									800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian										Karatau									1000
		Stenian										Yurmatian									1100
		Ectasian										Yurmatian									1200
		Ectasian										Burzyan									1375
																						1400