PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Britain				Ammonite Chrons of North America			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Mesozoic Subages		Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Britain		Devonian of Eastern North America
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														Late Pleistocene				0.0117
		Chibanian														Middle Pleistocene				0.129
		Calabrian														Early Pleistocene				0.774
		Gelasian														Early Pleistocene				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														Late Pliocene				2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean														Early Pliocene				3.6
	Miocene	Messinian														Late Miocene				5.333
		Tortonian														Late Miocene				7.246
		Serravallian														Middle Miocene				11.63
		Langhian														Middle Miocene				13.82
		Burdigalian														Early Miocene				15.98
		Aquitanian														Early Miocene				20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														Late Oligocene				23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian														Early Oligocene				27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian														Late Eocene				33.9
		Bartonian														Middle Eocene				37.71
		Lutetian														Middle Eocene				41.2
		Ypresian														Early Eocene				47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian														Late Paleocene				56
		Selandian														Middle Paleocene				59.2
		Danian														Early Paleocene				61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian						66
		Campanian												Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian						72.1
		Santonian												Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian						83.6
		Coniacian												Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian												Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian						89.8
		Cenomanian												Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian						93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												Late Albian						100.5
														Middle Albian						106.2 *
														Early Albian						109.9 *
		Aptian												Late Aptian						113
		Aptian												Early Aptian						119.5 *
		Barremian												Late Barremian/Early Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian												Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian												Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian												Late Berriasian						139.8
														Middle Berriasian						140.6 *
														Early Berriasian						142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					145
		Tithonian												Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian					146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian												Late Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Kimmeridgian												Early Kimmeridgian						152.2 *
		Oxfordian												Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					154.8
		Oxfordian													Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian					157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian												Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian					Epizigzagiceras							Late Bajocian						168.2
							Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense							Late Bajocian						168.4
							Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense							Early Bajocian						168.6 *
		Aalenian					Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni							Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta							Late Toarcian						174.7
							Planulata													179.3 *
									Arnioceras arnouldi											179.8 *
														Middle Toarcian						180.4 *
							Kanense													181.3 *
							Carlottense													182.3 *
							Carlottense							Early Toarcian						182.9 *
							Kunae							Early Toarcian						183.5 *
		Pliensbachian					Kunae							Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian						184.2
							Freboldi													185.1 *
							Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras												186.2 *
								Tetraspidoceras												189.2 *
							Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis												190.3 *
		Sinemurian												Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian						192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras	196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian				Sevatian	208.5
						Alaunian	213.2 *
						Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian				Tuvalian	227
		Carnian				Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Longobardian	237
		Ladinian				Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian				Illyrian	242
						Pelsonian	243.8 *
						Bithynian	244.7 *
						Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Spathian	Vokhmian	247.2
		Olenekian				Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan				Dienerian		251.2
		Induan				Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian					Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian					Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian						Mapingian †	303.7
		Kasimovian							305.9
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian									407.6
		Lochkovian									410.8
Silurian	Pridoli										419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian									433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
		Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									Ashgill	Hirnantian	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian										Rawtheyan	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
												Cautleyan			448.9 *
												Pusgillian			449.3 *
											Caradoc	Streffordian			Onnian †	449.6 *
												Streffordian	Berounian			449.7 *
												Cheneyan				451.5 *
												Burrellian				452.7 *
		Sandbian														453
															Actonian †	453.2 *
															Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
															Longvillian †		455.2 *
																	Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
												Aurelucian							456.8 *
					Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian											457.4 *
					Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian									Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn							458.4
											Dobrotivian	458.5 *
											Oretanian	459.7 *
				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn								461.3 *
												Sarka †		461.7 *
		Dapingian										Klabava †		467.3
											Arenigian			468
			Arenig	Fennian										468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Fennian										470
				Whitlandian										471.1 *
				Moridunian										474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc	Migneintian							Tremadocian			477.7
			Tremadoc	Cressagian										480.8 *
														485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10												Merioneth			Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
		Stage 10															Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian				489.5											Festiniogian
		Jiangshanian				Maentwrogian											493.1 *
		Paibian				Maentwrogian											494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				St Davids											497
		Drumian															500.5
		Wuliuan					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Caerfai	509
	Series 2	Stage 3					514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian					529
																				538.8