PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ordovician of Britain				Ten Million Year Bins	Permian of Western Europe	Silurian of North America		Ordovician of the Baltic				Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan					Cenozoic 6										0
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
		Chibanian															0.129
		Calabrian															0.774
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean															3.6
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
		Serravallian					Cenozoic 5										11.63
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian															15.98
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Cenozoic 4										23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian					Cenozoic 4										27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian					Cenozoic 3										33.9
		Bartonian					Cenozoic 3										37.71
		Lutetian					Cenozoic 2										41.2
		Ypresian					Cenozoic 2										47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Cenozoic 1										56
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Cretaceous 8								Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian					Cretaceous 7								Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian					Cretaceous 6								Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian													Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian													Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian					Cretaceous 5								Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian					Cretaceous 4								Late Albian		100.5
															Middle Albian		106.2 *
															Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian					Cretaceous 3								Late Aptian		113
		Aptian					Cretaceous 3								Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian					Cretaceous 2								Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian					Cretaceous 2								Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian					Cretaceous 1								Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian													Late Berriasian		139.8
															Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
															Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian					Jurassic 6								Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian					Jurassic 6								Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian					Jurassic 5								Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian													Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian													Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian														Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian					Jurassic 4								Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian													Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian													Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian					Jurassic 3								Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian													Late Toarcian		174.7
															Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
															Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian					Jurassic 2								Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian					Jurassic 1								Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian					Jurassic 1								Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					Triassic 4										201.4
		Norian													Sevatian		208.5
															Alaunian		213.2 *
															Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian					Triassic 3								Tuvalian		227
		Carnian					Triassic 3								Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian	237
		Ladinian		Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian	251.2
				Griesbachian	251.4 *
				Griesbachian	Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		Kathwai	251.902
						252.4 *
					Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian			Chhidru	Zechstein	254.14
					Kalabagh		255 *
					Wargal		256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian					264.28
							265.3 *
					Amb		266.1 *
		Roadian	Permian 3		Amb		266.9
		Roadian	Permian 3				270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2				273.01
		Artinskian				Autunian	283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5				298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5				303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4				307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2				393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1				407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2				Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli						Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1					Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
									Alexandrian	438.7 *
							Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
										440.7 *
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ashgill				Hirnantian		Ordovician 5		Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian					Rawtheyan					Pirgu	445.2
							Cautleyan						448.9 *
							Pusgillian						449.3 *
			Caradoc				Streffordian					Onnian †	Vormsi	449.6 *
													Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
											Viru		Rakvere		450.6 *
							Cheneyan						Rakvere		451.5 *
							Cheneyan						Oandu		452 *
							Burrellian						Oandu		452.7 *
		Sandbian							Ordovician 4				Keila	Idavere †	453
												Actonian †	Keila		453.2 *
												Actonian †	Haljala		453.9
												Marshbrookian †			Woolstonian †	454.2 *
												Longvillian †				455.2 *
													Kukruse			456.4 *
							Aurelucian									456.8 *
												Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
												Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian	Uhaku	Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn				Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn					Ordovician 3	Uhaku			458.4
													Lasnamagi			458.9 *
													Aseri			460.4 *
				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *						Aseri
							Oeland				Kunda		462.9 *
											Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
											Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka		467.1 *
		Dapingian										Ordovician 2				467.3
			Arenig	Fennian												468.4 *
											Billingen					469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian														470
													Latorp †			470.1 *
				Whitlandian												471.1 *
				Whitlandian							Hunneberg					473.7 *
				Moridunian	474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc	Migneintian	Ordovician 1							477.7
				Cressagian								480.8 *
											Varangu	481.3 *
											Pakerort	482.2 *
						485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10			Cambrian 5							485.4
												486.3 *
												486.5
		Jiangshanian										489.5
		Paibian										494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			Cambrian 4							497
		Drumian			Cambrian 4							500.5
		Wuliuan			Cambrian 3							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Cambrian 3							509
	Series 2	Stage 3			Cambrian 2							514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Cambrian 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			Cambrian 1							529
																	538.8