PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian of North America			South American Land Mammal Ages		European Faunal Zones	Cenozoic Subepochs	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Lujanian			Late Pleistocene						0.0117
		Chibanian				Lujanian			Middle Pleistocene						0.129
		Chibanian				Ensenadan			Middle Pleistocene						0.3 *
		Calabrian				Ensenadan			Early Pleistocene						0.774
		Calabrian				Sanandresian	Uquian †								1.7 *
		Gelasian				Sanandresian		MN 17							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Vorohuean		MN 16	Late Pliocene	Tertiary †					2.58
						Chapadmalalan		MN 16							2.9 *
								MN 15							3.2
		Zanclean							Early Pliocene						3.6
						Montehermosan									3.7 *
						Montehermosan		MN 14							4.2
						Huayquerian		MN 13							4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian						MN 13	Late Miocene						5.333
		Tortonian						MN 12							7.246
								MN 11							7.75
						Chasicoan		MN 11							7.9 *
								MN 10							8.7
								MN 9							9.7
						Mayoan									9.9 *
						Laventan									10.9 *
								MN 7 + 8							11.1
		Serravallian						MN 7 + 8	Middle Miocene						11.63
								MN 6							12.8 *
						Colloncuran		MN 6							13.7 *
		Langhian				Colloncuran		MN 5							13.82
		Langhian				Friasian		MN 5							15.4 *
		Burdigalian				Friasian		MN 4	Early Miocene						15.98
						Santacrucian		MN 4							16.2 *
						Santacrucian		MN 3							16.9
						Colhuehuapian		MN 3							17.4 *
								MN 2							20
		Aquitanian													20.44
						Deseadan									20.9 *
								MN 1							22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Late Oligocene						23.03
		Rupelian							Early Oligocene						27.82
		Rupelian				Tinguirirican			Early Oligocene						28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian				Tinguirirican			Late Eocene						33.9
		Priabonian				Divisaderan			Late Eocene						35.9 *
		Bartonian							Middle Eocene						37.71
		Lutetian													41.2
		Lutetian				Mustersan									41.9 *
		Ypresian				Mustersan			Early Eocene						47.8
		Ypresian				Casamayoran			Early Eocene						47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Riochican			Late Paleocene						56
						Itaboraian									56.9 *
						Peligran									58.9 *
		Selandian							Middle Paleocene						59.2
		Danian							Early Paleocene						61.6
		Danian				Tiupampan			Early Paleocene						62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian													125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian	149.2
		Oxfordian	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian	161.5
		Bathonian	165.3
		Bajocian	168.2
		Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	Longtanian †	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Mapingian †		298.9
		Kasimovian			Mapingian †		303.7
		Kasimovian					305.9
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli						Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Lockportian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						Ontarian			433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
											Alexandrian	438.7 *
							Medinan	Clinton				440.1 *
								440.7 *
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Kosovian	443.8
		Katian							Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian							Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian									453
											Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
										Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											458.4
									Dobrotivian				458.5 *
									Oretanian				459.7 *
										Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian								Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian							Arenigian				468
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Arenigian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian							Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10											485.4
		Jiangshanian											489.5
		Paibian											494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian											Series 3 †	497
		Drumian												500.5
		Wuliuan	Stage 5 †											504.5
															509