PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian of North America			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		North American Land Mammal Ages	Carboniferous of North America	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of the Baltic
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Saintaugustinean		Wanganui	Haweran				0
		Meghalayan						Santarosean							0.0004
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Late Pleistocene						Rancholabrean							0.014
		Chibanian						Rancholabrean							0.129
								Irvingtonian							0.21
											Castlecliffian				0.34
		Calabrian													0.774
								Blancan							1.4
											Nukumaruan				1.63
		Gelasian									Nukumaruan				1.8
		Gelasian									Mangapanian				2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Mangapanian				2.58
		Piacenzian									Waipipian				3
		Zanclean									Waipipian				3.6
											Opoitian				3.7
								Hemphillian			Opoitian				4.7
	Miocene	Messinian								Taranaki	Kapitean				5.333
		Messinian									Tongaporutuan				7.2
		Tortonian													7.246
								Clarendonian							9.4
										Southland	Waiauan				11.04
		Serravallian													11.63
								Barstovian							12.5
											Lillburnian				13.05
		Langhian									Lillburnian				13.82
											Clifdenian				15.1
										Pareora	Altonian				15.9
		Burdigalian													15.98
								Hemingfordian							16.3
								Arikareean							18.5
											Otaian				18.7
		Aquitanian									Otaian				20.44
		Aquitanian								Landon	Waitakian				21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian				Waitakian				23.03
											Duntroonian				25.2
											Whaingaroan				27.3
		Rupelian				Kekeamuan									27.82
								Whitneyan							29.5
								Orellan							31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Chadronian							33.9
										Arnold	Runangan				34.6
											Kaiatan				36.7
								Duchesnean							37
		Bartonian				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan									37.71
											Bortonian				39.1
								Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian													41.2
										Dannevirke	Porangan				42.6
											Heretaungan				45.7
								Bridgerian							46.2
		Ypresian					Bumbanian								47.8
											Mangaorapan				48.9
								Wasatchian			Mangaorapan				50.5
								Wasatchian			Waipawan				52
								Clarkforkian			Waipawan				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Gashatan		Clarkforkian			Teurian				56
		Thanetian				Gashatan		Tiffanian							56.2
		Selandian						Tiffanian							59.2
		Selandian						Torrejonian							60.9
		Danian						Torrejonian							61.6
		Danian						Puercan							63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian		Mata	Haumurian			66
		Campanian			Haumurian			72.1
		Santonian			Piripauan			83.6
		Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
		Coniacian						86.3
		Turonian						89.8
					Mangaotanean			90.5
					Arowhanan			93.7
		Cenomanian			Arowhanan			93.9
				Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
					Motuan			99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Motuan			100.5
					Urutawan			103.3
				Taitai	Korangan			108.4
		Aptian			Korangan			113
		Aptian						117.5
		Barremian						121.4
		Hauterivian						125.77
		Valanginian						132.6
		Berriasian						139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						145
		Kimmeridgian						149.2
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Bathonian						165.3
		Bajocian						168.2
		Aalenian						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Pliensbachian						184.2
		Sinemurian						192.9
		Hettangian						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
		Norian						208.5
		Carnian						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian						Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian						Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian						Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian						Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian						Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian						Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian						Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Chesterian	323.2
		Visean						Chesterian	330.9
								Meramecian	335.8 *
								Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian					346.7	Osagean
		Tournaisian					Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian	Siegen				407.6
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Cayugan					419.2
	Pridoli		Niagaran					422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
									Alexandrian	438.7 *
			Medinan					Clinton		440.1 *
										440.7 *
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian								Pirgu	445.2
										Vormsi	449.6 *
										Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
									Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
				Oandu						452 *
		Sandbian		Keila						Idavere †	453
				Haljala							453.9
				Kukruse							456.4 *
				Uhaku						Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Uhaku							458.4
				Lasnamagi							458.9 *
				Aseri							460.4 *
				Oeland					Kunda		462.9 *
									Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
									Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian							Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian							Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian										470
										Latorp †		470.1 *
									Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian							Hunneberg			477.7
									Varangu			481.3 *
									Pakerort			482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Pakerort			Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
													486.3 *
													486.5
													Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian											Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian											Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian											Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian										Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan										Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan										Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4										Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3										Dyeran		514
												Montezuman		514.8 *
												Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
															538.8