PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian of North America			Devonian Subages	Permian of the Pamirs	Cretaceous Subepochs	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Silurian of the Baltic	Ordovician of North America
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Senonian							66
		Campanian													72.1
		Santonian													83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian						Gallic							100.5
		Aptian													113
		Barremian													121.4
		Hauterivian						Neocomian							125.77
		Valanginian													132.6
		Berriasian													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
		Kimmeridgian													149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian													165.3
		Bajocian							Epizigzagiceras						168.2
		Bajocian							Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense						168.4
		Aalenian							Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta						174.7
									Planulata						179.3 *
									Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi				179.8 *
									Kanense						181.3 *
									Carlottense						182.3 *
									Kunae						183.5 *
		Pliensbachian							Kunae						184.2
									Freboldi						185.1 *
									Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras					186.2 *
										Tetraspidoceras					189.2 *
									Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis					190.3 *
		Sinemurian													192.9
									Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras				196.4 *
									Franziceras/Euphyllites						196.5 *
		Hettangian							Franziceras/Euphyllites						199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
		Norian													208.5
		Carnian													227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian													237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian													242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian													247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan													251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Dorashamian								251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Dzhulfian								254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Midian								259.51
		Wordian					Midian								264.28
		Wordian					Murgabian								266.2 *
		Roadian					Murgabian								266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Kubergandian								273.01
		Kungurian					Bolorian								279.8
		Artinskian					Bolorian								283.5
		Artinskian					Yakhtashian								286
		Sakmarian					Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian					Asselian								293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian													298.9
		Kasimovian													303.7
		Moscovian													307
		Bashkirian													315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian													323.2
		Visean													330.9
		Tournaisian													346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Late Famennian									358.9
						Middle Famennian									365.3 *
						Early Famennian									368.5 *
		Frasnian	Late Frasnian	372.2
			Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
			Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Late Givetian	382.7
			Middle Givetian	383.7 *
			Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian	Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian	Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian	Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	Late Lochkovian	410.8
			Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
			Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Cayugan		Ohesaare	419.2
			Cayugan		Kaugetuma	421.7 *
			Niagaran		Kaugetuma	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian			Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian			Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Lockportian	Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian			Lockportian	Jaagarahu		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian				Jaagarahu		430.5
		Sheinwoodian				Jaani		431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian			Ontarian	Jaani		433.4
		Telychian				Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian						438.5
								Alexandrian				438.7 *
						Raikkula						439.4 *
			Medinan		Clinton							440.1 *
												440.7 *
		Rhuddanian										440.8
		Rhuddanian				Juuru						441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Cincinnatian		Gamachian	443.8
		Katian										Gamachian	445.2
									Richmondian		446 *
									Maysvillian		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
									Edenian			450.4 *
									Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian								Chatfieldian		453
										Turinian		453.7 *
									Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											458.4
		Dapingian											467.3
		Dapingian								Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian								Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian								Tulean				477.7
										Stairsian				480.3 *
										Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Skullrockian				485.4
															487.5