PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Silurian of North America			Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Permian of North America		Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Precambrian of Russia	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Tarantian							0.0117
				Chibanian									Ionian							0.129
				Calabrian																0.774
				Gelasian																1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean																3.6
			Miocene	Messinian																5.333
				Tortonian																7.246
				Serravallian																11.63
				Langhian																13.82
				Burdigalian																15.98
				Aquitanian																20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian																27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian																33.9
				Bartonian																37.71
				Lutetian																41.2
				Ypresian																47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian																56
				Selandian																59.2
				Danian																61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																66
				Campanian																72.1
				Santonian																83.6
				Coniacian																86.3
				Turonian																89.8
				Cenomanian																93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian																100.5
				Aptian																113
				Barremian																121.4
				Hauterivian																125.77
				Valanginian																132.6
				Berriasian																139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														Oteke	Puaroan	145
				Kimmeridgian														Oteke	Puaroan	149.2
																		Kawhia	Ohauan	150
																			Heterian	154.5
				Oxfordian																154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
				Callovian															Temaikan	164.3
				Bathonian																165.3
				Bajocian										Epizigzagiceras						168.2
				Bajocian										Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense						168.4
				Aalenian										Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni						170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian										Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta						174.7
														Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta				Herangi	Ururoan	176
														Planulata						179.3 *
														Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi				179.8 *
														Kanense						181.3 *
														Carlottense						182.3 *
														Kunae						183.5 *
				Pliensbachian										Kunae						184.2
														Freboldi						185.1 *
														Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras					186.2 *
														Whiteavesi/Imlayi					Aratauran	188.9
																				189.2 *
														Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis					190.3 *
				Sinemurian																192.9
														Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras				196.4 *
														Franziceras/Euphyllites						196.5 *
				Hettangian										Franziceras/Euphyllites						199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
				Norian															Warepan	208.5
																			Otamitan	217
Oretian					221
Oretian				Carnian	227
Gore				Carnian	Kaihikuan	227.5
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Kaihikuan	237
				Ladinian	Etalian	238
				Anisian	Etalian	242
				Anisian	Malakovian	246
			Early Triassic	Olenekian	Malakovian	247.2
				Olenekian	Nelsonian	249
				Induan	Nelsonian	251.2
DUrville				Induan	Makarewan	251.5
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Makarewan	251.902
				Changhsingian	Waiitian	253.2
				Wuchiapingian	Waiitian	254.14
				Wuchiapingian	Puruhauan	254.2
Guadalupian			Capitanian	Capitanian	Aparima	Flettian	259.51
			Wordian	Wordian		Flettian	264.28
			Wordian	Wordian		Barettian	266
			Roadian	Roadian			266.9
Cisuralian			Kungurian	Leonardian			Cathedralian	273.01
						Mangapirian	Cathedralian	276
							Hessian	281.9 *
			Artinskian					283.5
						Telfordian		285
				Wolfcampian		Telfordian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
								288.5
			Sakmarian					290.1
			Asselian				Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
			Kasimovian					303.7
			Moscovian					307
			Bashkirian					315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
			Visean					330.9
			Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian					Srbsko	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Chotec	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
			Pragian					Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian					Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian		Pridoli						Cayugan		419.2
		Pridoli						Niagaran		422.5 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
		Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian							Lockportian	Gleedonian	427.4
			Homerian							Lockportian	Whitwellian	429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian									430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian							Ontarian		433.4
			Aeronian									438.5
												Alexandrian	438.7 *
								Medinan		Clinton			440.1 *
													440.7 *
			Rhuddanian										440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian										443.8
			Katian										445.2
			Sandbian										453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian										467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian										470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian										477.7
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10										485.4
			Jiangshanian										489.5
			Paibian										494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian										497
			Drumian										500.5
			Wuliuan										504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4										509
		Series 2	Stage 3										514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian †	Poundian †	Vendian	538.8
		Ediacaran												Vendian †	Wonokan †	Vendian	571.7 *
		Cryogenian															635
		Tonian															720
		Tonian														Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian														Karatau	1000
		Stenian														Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian														Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian														Burzyan	1375
																				1400