PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian of North America			Cenozoic Subepochs	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ordovician of China			European Faunal Zones	Cambrian of Siberia		European Faunal Units	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia		Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Late Pleistocene												Nihewanian	0.0117
		Chibanian				Middle Pleistocene													0.129
		Calabrian				Early Pleistocene													0.774
		Gelasian				Early Pleistocene						MN 17							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Late Pliocene						MN 16			Villanyian			Yushean	2.58
												MN 16			Ruscinian				3.1 *
												MN 15							3.2
		Zanclean				Early Pliocene						MN 15							3.6
												MN 14							4.2
												MN 13						Baodean	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian				Late Miocene						MN 13			Turolian				5.333
		Tortonian										MN 12							7.246
												MN 11							7.75
												MN 10			Vallesian				8.7
												MN 9							9.7
												MN 7 + 8						Tunggurian	11.1
		Serravallian				Middle Miocene						MN 7 + 8			Astaracian				11.63
		Serravallian										MN 6							12.8 *
		Langhian										MN 5						Shanwangian	13.82
		Burdigalian				Early Miocene						MN 4			Orleanian			Shanwangian	15.98
												MN 3			Orleanian			Xiejiaan	16.9
												MN 2			Agenian				20
		Aquitanian										MN 2							20.44
		Aquitanian										MN 1							22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian				Late Oligocene	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian											23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian				Early Oligocene	Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian											27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian				Late Eocene	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian												33.9
		Bartonian				Middle Eocene	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan												37.71
		Lutetian				Middle Eocene													41.2
		Ypresian				Early Eocene		Bumbanian											47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian				Late Paleocene	Gashatan												56
		Selandian				Middle Paleocene													59.2
		Danian				Early Paleocene													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																	66
		Campanian																	72.1
		Santonian																	83.6
		Coniacian																	86.3
		Turonian																	89.8
		Cenomanian																	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																	100.5
		Aptian																	113
		Barremian																	121.4
		Hauterivian																	125.77
		Valanginian																	132.6
		Berriasian																	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																	145
		Kimmeridgian																	149.2
		Oxfordian																	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
		Bathonian																	165.3
		Bajocian																	168.2
		Aalenian																	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																	174.7
		Pliensbachian																	184.2
		Sinemurian																	192.9
		Hettangian																	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																	201.4
		Norian																	208.5
		Carnian																	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian																	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan																	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian																	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	298.9
		Kasimovian	303.7
		Moscovian	307
		Bashkirian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli		Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
					Alexandrian			438.7 *
			Medinan	Clinton			440.1 *
							440.7 *
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian				Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
						Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			Kralodvorian		449.5
									Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian									453
											Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
										Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo						458.4
									Dobrotivian				458.5 *
									Oretanian				459.7 *
										Sarka †			461.7 *
							Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo		Sarka †			466.3 *
		Dapingian				Dapingian				Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian				Dapingian			Arenigian				468
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Yiyangian			Arenigian				470
		Tremadocian				Xinchangian			Tremadocian				477.7
								Lianghekou †					477.9 *
								Lianghekou †					Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Batyrbaian				Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10														Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian															489.5
									Aksaian								490.7 *
									Sakian								492.2 *
																Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian															494
		Paibian												Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian			494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian							Ayusokkanian						Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian							Mayan/Menevian								499.5
		Drumian							Mayan/Menevian								500.5
		Wuliuan							Amgan/Solvan						Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan													Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4														Waucoban †	509
									Toyonian				Lenian †				510 *
									Toyonian						Dyeran		511 *
									Botomian								512.5 *
		Stage 3															514
															Montezuman		514.8 *
									Atdabanian						Montezuman		515.6 *
									Atdabanian						Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							Tommotian								521
		Stage 2							Nemakit-Daldynian								525.5
		Fortunian							Nemakit-Daldynian				Manykaian †				529
																			538.8