PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian of North America			Cambrian of Siberia			Carboniferous of North America	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Cretaceous Subepochs	Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Tarantian				0.0117
		Chibanian									Ionian				0.129
		Calabrian													0.774
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean													3.6
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Serravallian													11.63
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
		Bartonian													37.71
		Lutetian													41.2
		Ypresian													47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian													56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										Senonian	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian											Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian											Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian											Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian											Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian											Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										Gallic	Late Albian		100.5
													Middle Albian		106.2 *
													Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian											Late Aptian		113
		Aptian											Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian											Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian										Neocomian	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian											Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian											Late Berriasian		139.8
													Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
													Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian											Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian											Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian											Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian											Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian												Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian											Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian											Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian											Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian											Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian											Late Toarcian		174.7
													Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
													Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian											Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian											Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian											Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
		Norian											Sevatian		208.5
													Alaunian		213.2 *
													Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian											Tuvalian		227
		Carnian											Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian											Longobardian		237
		Ladinian											Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian											Illyrian		242
			Pelsonian	243.8 *
			Bithynian	244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		Bursumian †	293.52
		Asselian		Bursumian †	Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Virgilian	Kuzel	Mapingian †	298.9
					Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
							Stephanian B	300.9 *
							Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian		Missourian			Stephanian A	303.7
				Missourian			Cantabrian	305 *
				Desmoinesian				305.9 *
		Moscovian						307
					Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
							Westphalian C	309.8
				Atokan			Westphalian C	312.7 *
							Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian					Westphalian B	315.2
							Westphalian A	317 *
				Morrowan			Westphalian A	318.4 *
					Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
							Marsdenian	320.2 *
							Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
							Alportian	322 *
							Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chesterian			Chokierian	323.2
							Arnsbergian	324 *
							Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean			Warnantian		Brigantian †	330.9
				Meramecian	Warnantian		Brigantian †	335.8 *
					Livian		Asbian †	336.3 *
					Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
				Osagean	Moliniacian		Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	343.1 *
		Tournaisian		Osagean	Ivorian			346.7
				Kinderhookian	Ivorian			351.9 *
				Kinderhookian	Hastarian			353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli							Cayugan	Ohesaare	419.2
								Cayugan	Kaugetuma	421.7 *
								Niagaran	Kaugetuma	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian							Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian							Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							Lockportian	Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian							Lockportian	Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian								Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian								Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian							Ontarian	Jaani	433.4
		Telychian								Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian									438.5
											Alexandrian	438.7 *
										Raikkula		439.4 *
								Medinan	Clinton			440.1 *
									440.7 *
		Rhuddanian							440.8
		Rhuddanian							Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									443.8
		Katian									445.2
		Sandbian									453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian									467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian									470
		Tremadocian									477.7
		Tremadocian									Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian									Batyrbaian			489.5
											Aksaian			490.7 *
											Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian												494
		Paibian				Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian							494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Ayusokkanian							497
		Guzhangian				Mayan/Menevian							499.5
		Drumian				Mayan/Menevian							500.5
		Wuliuan				Amgan/Solvan							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Amgan/Solvan							509
						Toyonian					Lenian †		510 *
						Botomian							512.5 *
		Stage 3				Botomian							514
		Stage 3				Atdabanian							515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Tommotian							521
		Stage 2				Nemakit-Daldynian							525.5
		Fortunian				Nemakit-Daldynian					Manykaian †		529
															538.8