PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian of North America			Cambrian of Australia	Cenozoic Subepochs	Silurian of England		Ordovician of the Baltic				Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous of Western Europe
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Late Pleistocene										0.0117
		Chibanian					Middle Pleistocene										0.129
		Calabrian					Early Pleistocene										0.774
		Gelasian					Early Pleistocene										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Late Pliocene										2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean					Early Pliocene										3.6
	Miocene	Messinian					Late Miocene										5.333
		Tortonian					Late Miocene										7.246
		Serravallian					Middle Miocene										11.63
		Langhian					Middle Miocene										13.82
		Burdigalian					Early Miocene										15.98
		Aquitanian					Early Miocene										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian					Late Oligocene										23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian					Early Oligocene										27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian					Late Eocene										33.9
		Bartonian					Middle Eocene										37.71
		Lutetian					Middle Eocene										41.2
		Ypresian					Early Eocene										47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian					Late Paleocene										56
		Selandian					Middle Paleocene										59.2
		Danian					Early Paleocene										61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian												Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian												Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian												Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian												Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian												Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												Late Albian			100.5
														Middle Albian			106.2 *
														Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian												Late Aptian			113
		Aptian												Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian												Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian												Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian												Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian												Late Berriasian			139.8
														Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
														Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian												Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian												Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian												Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian												Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian													Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian												Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian												Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian												Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian												Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												Late Toarcian			174.7
														Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
														Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian												Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian												Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian												Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
		Norian												Sevatian			208.5
														Alaunian			213.2 *
														Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian												Tuvalian			227
		Carnian												Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian												Longobardian			237
		Ladinian												Fassanian			239.7 *
		Anisian												Illyrian			242
			Pelsonian	243.8 *
			Bithynian	244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
		Asselian		Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		Kuzel	298.9
				Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
					Stephanian B	300.9 *
					Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian			Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian			Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian			Cantabrian	307
				Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
					Westphalian C	309.8
					Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian			Westphalian B	315.2
					Westphalian A	317 *
				Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
					Marsdenian	320.2 *
					Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
					Alportian	322 *
					Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			Chokierian	323.2
					Arnsbergian	324 *
					Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean		Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
				Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
				Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian		Ivorian		346.7
		Tournaisian		Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Cayugan	Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	Ohesaare	419.2
								Bringewood/Elton	Ohesaare	421.3
									Kaugetuma	421.7 *
						Niagaran			Kaugetuma	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian						Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian								425.6
		Gorstian						Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian						Buildwas	Lockportian	Rootsikula	427.4
							Wych	Woolhope		Rootsikula	428.4 *
										Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian								Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian								Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian							Ontarian	Jaani	433.4
										Adavere	434 *
											436.3 *
		Aeronian									438.5
											Alexandrian	438.7 *
							Cowleigh Park					439.3 *
										Raikkula		439.4 *
						Medinan			Clinton			440.1 *
												440.7 *
		Rhuddanian	440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru							441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Harju	Porkuni		443.8
		Katian									Pirgu		445.2
											Vormsi		449.6 *
											Nabala		Johvi †	450 *
										Viru	Rakvere			450.6 *
											Oandu			452 *
		Sandbian									Keila		Idavere †	453
											Haljala			453.9
											Kukruse			456.4 *
											Uhaku		Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									Uhaku			458.4
											Lasnamagi			458.9 *
											Aseri			460.4 *
										Oeland	Kunda			462.9 *
											Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
											Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian									Volkhov				467.3
		Dapingian									Billingen				469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian													470
													Latorp †		470.1 *
											Hunneberg				473.7 *
		Tremadocian									Hunneberg				477.7
											Varangu				481.3 *
											Pakerort				482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Pakerort		Datsonian			485.4
																486.3 *
																486.5
													Payntonian			486.8 *
		Jiangshanian											Iverian			489.5
		Paibian											Idamean			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian											Mindyallan			497
		Guzhangian			Boomerangian								499
		Drumian			Undillan								500.5
		Drumian		Floran	503
		Wuliuan		Templetonian	504.5
		Wuliuan		Ordian	507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4		Ordian	509
																	510.8 *