PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian of North America			Cambrian of China		Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian Epochs	European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene			0.0117
		Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene			0.129
		Calabrian						Early Pleistocene			0.774
		Gelasian						Early Pleistocene			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Late Pliocene		Villanyian	2.58
		Piacenzian						Late Pliocene		Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean						Early Pliocene		Ruscinian	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian						Late Miocene		Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian								Turolian	7.246
		Tortonian								Vallesian	8.7
		Serravallian						Middle Miocene		Astaracian	11.63
		Langhian						Middle Miocene		Astaracian	13.82
		Burdigalian						Early Miocene		Orleanian	15.98
		Burdigalian								Agenian	20
		Aquitanian								Agenian	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Late Oligocene			23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian						Early Oligocene			27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian						Late Eocene			33.9
		Bartonian						Middle Eocene			37.71
		Lutetian						Middle Eocene			41.2
		Ypresian						Early Eocene			47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Late Paleocene			56
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene			59.2
		Danian						Early Paleocene			61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian									72.1
		Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian									100.5
		Aptian									113
		Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian									139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian									145
		Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Oxfordian									154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian									168.2
		Aalenian									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian									174.7
		Pliensbachian									184.2
		Sinemurian									192.9
		Hettangian									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian									201.4
		Norian									208.5
		Carnian									227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian									237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian									242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian									247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan									251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian									251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian									254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian									259.51
		Wordian									264.28
		Roadian									266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian									273.01
		Artinskian									283.5
		Sakmarian									290.1
		Asselian									293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									298.9
		Kasimovian	303.7
		Moscovian	307
		Bashkirian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli		Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
					Alexandrian	438.7 *
			Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
						440.7 *
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian				443.8
		Katian				445.2
		Sandbian				453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian				458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian				467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian				Jiangshanian			489.5
		Paibian				Paibian			494
		Paibian				Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Middle Cambrian	497
		Drumian				Drumian	Wangcunian †		500.5
		Wuliuan				Wuliuan/Taijangian			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Duyunian		Early Cambrian	509
	Series 2	Stage 3				Nangaoian			514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Meishucunian			521
		Fortunian				Meishucunian			529
		Fortunian				Jinnigian			530.7
											538.8