PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian of North America			Ordovician of North America						Ten Million Year Bins	Carboniferous of North America	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of the Baltic				Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan										Cenozoic 6		Wanganui	Haweran							0
		Northgrippian																				0.0042
		Greenlandian																				0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																				0.0117
		Chibanian																				0.129
		Chibanian													Castlecliffian							0.34
		Calabrian													Castlecliffian							0.774
		Calabrian													Nukumaruan							1.63
		Gelasian													Nukumaruan							1.8
		Gelasian													Mangapanian							2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													Mangapanian							2.58
		Piacenzian													Waipipian							3
		Zanclean													Waipipian							3.6
		Zanclean													Opoitian							3.7
	Miocene	Messinian												Taranaki	Kapitean							5.333
		Messinian													Tongaporutuan							7.2
		Tortonian													Tongaporutuan							7.246
		Tortonian												Southland	Waiauan							11.04
		Serravallian										Cenozoic 5			Waiauan							11.63
		Serravallian													Lillburnian							13.05
		Langhian													Lillburnian							13.82
															Clifdenian							15.1
														Pareora	Altonian							15.9
		Burdigalian													Altonian							15.98
		Burdigalian													Otaian							18.7
		Aquitanian													Otaian							20.44
		Aquitanian												Landon	Waitakian							21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian										Cenozoic 4			Waitakian					Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
															Duntroonian							25.2
															Whaingaroan							27.3
		Rupelian																		Kekeamuan		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian										Cenozoic 3								Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
														Arnold	Runangan							34.6
															Kaiatan							36.7
		Bartonian													Kaiatan					Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Bartonian													Bortonian							39.1
		Lutetian										Cenozoic 2			Bortonian							41.2
														Dannevirke	Porangan							42.6
															Heretaungan							45.7
		Ypresian													Heretaungan						Bumbanian	47.8
															Mangaorapan							48.9
															Waipawan							52
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Cenozoic 1			Teurian					Gashatan		56
		Selandian																				59.2
		Danian																				61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										Cretaceous 8		Mata	Haumurian							66
		Campanian										Cretaceous 7			Haumurian							72.1
		Santonian										Cretaceous 6			Piripauan							83.6
		Santonian												Raukumara	Teratan							86.1
		Coniacian																				86.3
		Turonian																				89.8
															Mangaotanean							90.5
															Arowhanan							93.7
		Cenomanian										Cretaceous 5			Arowhanan							93.9
														Clarence	Ngaterian							95.2
															Motuan							99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										Cretaceous 4			Motuan							100.5
															Urutawan							103.3
														Taitai	Korangan							108.4
		Aptian										Cretaceous 3			Korangan							113
		Aptian										Cretaceous 3										117.5
		Barremian										Cretaceous 2										121.4
		Hauterivian										Cretaceous 2										125.77
		Valanginian										Cretaceous 1										132.6
		Berriasian	139.8									Cretaceous 1
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6		145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5		149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4		165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4		168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3		174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1		192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4		201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4		208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2		273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1		Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5		Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian			Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian			Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4		Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian			Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian			Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian			Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3		Chesterian	323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2		Chesterian	330.9
					Meramecian	335.8 *
					Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4			Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3			Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3			Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2			Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1			Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1			Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Cayugan			Silurian 2		419.2
	Pridoli		Niagaran					422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				Ontarian		Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
									Alexandrian	438.7 *
			Medinan			Clinton				440.1 *
										440.7 *
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Cincinnatian	Gamachian	Ordovician 5	Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian								Gamachian			Pirgu	445.2
										Richmondian			Pirgu	446 *
										Richmondian			Vormsi	449.6 *
										Maysvillian			Vormsi	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
				Nabala						Maysvillian			Johvi †		450 *
				Nabala						Edenian					450.4 *
				Viru						Edenian		Rakvere			450.6 *
									Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		Rakvere			451.1 *
												Oandu			452 *
		Sandbian									Ordovician 4	Keila	Idavere †		453
										Turinian		Keila			453.7 *
												Haljala			453.9
												Kukruse			456.4 *
									Whiterockian			Kukruse		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
												Uhaku	Aluoja †			457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									Ordovician 3	Uhaku				458.4
												Lasnamagi				458.9 *
												Aseri				460.4 *
				Oeland								Kunda				462.9 *
												Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum			464.3 *
												Volkhov				Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian									Ordovician 2						467.3
										Rangerian							469.1 *
										Rangerian		Billingen					469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Ibexian	Blackhillsian					Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
													Latorp †					470.1 *
												Hunneberg						473.7 *
										Tulean								473.9 *
		Tremadocian								Tulean	Ordovician 1							477.7
										Stairsian								480.3 *
										Stairsian		Varangu						481.3 *
										Skullrockian		Varangu					Demingian †	482 *
												Pakerort					Demingian †	482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Pakerort			Cambrian 5			Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
																			486.3 *
																			486.5
																			Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian																	Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian																	Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian																	Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian													Cambrian 4			Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian													Cambrian 4			Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan													Cambrian 3			Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan																Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Waucoban †													Delamaran	509
		Stage 4																Dyeran	511 *
		Stage 3													Cambrian 2			Dyeran	514
																		Montezuman	514.8 *
																		Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2																	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian													Cambrian 1				529
																						538.8