PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126864 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Silurian of North America			Ordovician of China			Permian of China	Permian of North America		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Precambrian of Russia	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Sheridanian						0.0117
				Chibanian										Sheridanian						0.129
				Chibanian										Cudahyan/Sappan						0.21
				Calabrian										Cudahyan/Sappan						0.774
				Calabrian										Senecan/Rexroadian						1.4
				Gelasian																1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														Tertiary †		2.58
				Zanclean																3.6
				Zanclean										Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						4.7
			Miocene	Messinian																5.333
				Tortonian																7.246
				Tortonian										Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						9.4
				Serravallian										Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						11.63
				Serravallian										late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						12.5
				Langhian																13.82
				Burdigalian																15.98
														Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						16.3
														late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					18.5
				Aquitanian																20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																23.03
															Monroecreekian					23.1 *
															Geringian					24.7 *
				Rupelian											Geringian					27.82
				Rupelian																29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian										Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian						33.9
				Priabonian																37
				Bartonian																37.71
				Bartonian										Late Uintan/Early Uintan						39.7
				Lutetian										Late Uintan/Early Uintan						41.2
				Lutetian										Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						46.2
				Ypresian										Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						47.8
														Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						50.5
																Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian												Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				56
				Thanetian												Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				56.2
				Selandian												Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1				59.2
				Selandian												To3/To2/To1				60.9
				Danian												To3/To2/To1				61.6
				Danian												Pu3/Pu2/Pu1				63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																66
				Campanian																72.1
				Santonian																83.6
				Coniacian																86.3
				Turonian																89.8
				Cenomanian																93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian																100.5
				Aptian																113
				Barremian																121.4
				Hauterivian																125.77
				Valanginian																132.6
				Berriasian																139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																145
				Kimmeridgian																149.2
				Oxfordian																154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
				Bathonian																165.3
				Bajocian																168.2
				Aalenian																170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian																174.7
				Pliensbachian																184.2
				Sinemurian																192.9
				Hettangian																199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																201.4
				Norian																208.5
Carnian				227
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	237
Middle Triassic			Anisian	242
Early Triassic			Olenekian	247.2
Early Triassic			Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Meishanian	251.902
			Changhsingian	Baoqingian	253.4 *
			Wuchiapingian	Laoshanian	Longtanian †	Zechstein	254.14
			Wuchiapingian	Laibinian	Longtanian †	Zechstein	257.7 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Lengwuan	Capitanian		Rotliegendes	259.51
			Wordian	Kuhfengian	Wordian			264.28
			Roadian	Kuhfengian	Roadian			266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Luodianian	Leonardian			Cathedralian	273.01
			Kungurian					Hessian	281.9 *
			Artinskian				Autunian		283.5
				Longlinian					285.4 *
					Wolfcampian			Lenoxian	286.1 *
			Sakmarian					Lenoxian	290.1
			Asselian	Zisongian				Nealian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Zisongian					298.9
			Gzhelian						300.1
			Kasimovian						303.7
			Moscovian						307
			Bashkirian						315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
			Visean						330.9
			Tournaisian						346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
			Pragian						407.6
			Lochkovian						410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli							Cayugan	Ohesaare	419.2
									Cayugan	Kaugetuma	421.7 *
									Niagaran	Kaugetuma	422.5 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian							Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian							Paadla	423.4 *
			Gorstian							Paadla	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian							Lockportian	Rootsikula	427.4
			Homerian							Lockportian	Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian								Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian								Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian							Ontarian	Jaani	433.4
			Telychian								Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian									438.5
												Alexandrian	438.7 *
											Raikkula		439.4 *
									Medinan	Clinton			440.1 *
													440.7 *
			Rhuddanian										440.8
			Rhuddanian								Juuru		441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †		443.8
			Katian									Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †		445.2
			Katian									Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				449.5
			Sandbian									Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo			458.4
			Darriwilian									Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo		466.3 *
			Dapingian									Dapingian				467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian									Yiyangian				470
			Tremadocian									Xinchangian				477.7
			Tremadocian									Xinchangian		Lianghekou †		477.9 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10													485.4
			Jiangshanian													489.5
			Paibian													494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian													Series 3 †	497
			Drumian														500.5
			Wuliuan			Stage 5 †											504.5
Series 2		Stage 4														509
Series 2		Stage 3														514
Terreneuvian		Stage 2														521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian														529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran																Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian																	635
		Tonian																	720
		Tonian																Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian																Karatau	1000
		Stenian																Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian																Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian																Burzyan	1375
																				1400