PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian of North America			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			South American Land Mammal Ages		European Faunal Units	Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Sheridanian			Lujanian			Nihewanian	0.0117
		Chibanian										Sheridanian							0.129
												Cudahyan/Sappan							0.21
															Ensenadan				0.3 *
		Calabrian																	0.774
												Senecan/Rexroadian							1.4
															Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
		Gelasian													Sanandresian				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													Vorohuean		Villanyian	Yushean	2.58
															Chapadmalalan		Villanyian		2.9 *
																	Ruscinian		3.1 *
		Zanclean																	3.6
															Montehermosan				3.7 *
												Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian			Montehermosan				4.7
															Huayquerian			Baodean	4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian															Turolian		5.333
		Tortonian																	7.246
															Chasicoan				7.9 *
																	Vallesian		8.7
												Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian							9.4
															Mayoan				9.9 *
															Laventan				10.9 *
																		Tunggurian	11.1
		Serravallian															Astaracian		11.63
												late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian							12.5
															Colloncuran				13.7 *
		Langhian													Colloncuran			Shanwangian	13.82
		Langhian													Friasian				15.4 *
		Burdigalian													Friasian		Orleanian		15.98
															Santacrucian				16.2 *
												Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian							16.3
																		Xiejiaan	16.9
															Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
												late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian						18.5
																	Agenian		20
		Aquitanian																	20.44
		Aquitanian													Deseadan				20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian								23.03
													Monroecreekian						23.1 *
													Geringian						24.7 *
		Rupelian								Kekeamuan									27.82
															Tinguirirican				28.9 *
																			29.5
	Eocene	Priabonian								Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian							33.9
												Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Divisaderan				35.9 *
																			37
		Bartonian								Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan									37.71
		Bartonian										Late Uintan/Early Uintan							39.7
		Lutetian																	41.2
															Mustersan				41.9 *
												Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian							46.2
		Ypresian									Bumbanian								47.8
															Casamayoran				47.9 *
												Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean							50.5
														Cf3/Cf2/Cf1					54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian								Gashatan				Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Riochican				56
														Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Riochican				56.2
															Itaboraian				56.9 *
															Peligran				58.9 *
		Selandian																	59.2
		Selandian												To3/To2/To1					60.9
		Danian																	61.6
															Tiupampan				62.4 *
														Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	Tiupampan				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian	66
		Campanian			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian	72.1
		Santonian			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian	83.6
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian	86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian	89.8
		Cenomanian			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian			Late Albian	100.5
					Middle Albian	106.2 *
					Early Albian	109.9 *
		Aptian			Late Aptian	113
		Aptian			Early Aptian	119.5 *
		Barremian			Late Barremian/Early Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian	139.8
					Middle Berriasian	140.6 *
					Early Berriasian	142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian			Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian			Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian		174.7
					Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
					Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian			Sevatian		208.5
					Alaunian		213.2 *
					Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian			Tuvalian		227
		Carnian			Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			Longobardian		237
		Ladinian			Fassanian		239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian		242
					Pelsonian		243.8 *
					Bithynian		244.7 *
					Aegean		245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			Spathian		247.2
		Olenekian			Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan			Dienerian		251.2
		Induan			Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli		Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Lockportian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian		Ontarian			433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
							Alexandrian	438.7 *
			Medinan	Clinton				440.1 *
								440.7 *
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Kosovian	443.8
		Katian						Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian				Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian						453
								Zahorany †/Vinice		Letna †	456.2 *
								Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
						Dobrotivian					458.5 *
						Oretanian					459.7 *
								Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian						Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian				Arenigian					468
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Arenigian					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian				Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10										Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian										Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian										Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian										Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian									Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan									Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan									Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4									Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3									Dyeran		514
											Montezuman		514.8 *
											Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
																			538.8