PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian of North America			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Mesozoic Subages		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Central Paratethys Stages	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Carboniferous Subepochs	Permian of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Tarantian							0.0117
		Chibanian										Ionian							0.129
		Calabrian																	0.774
		Gelasian																	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean																	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian																	5.333
		Tortonian											Pannonian						7.246
		Serravallian											Sarmatian						11.63
		Serravallian											Badenian						12.8 *
		Langhian																	13.82
		Burdigalian																	15.98
		Aquitanian																	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian																	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																	33.9
		Bartonian																	37.71
		Lutetian																	41.2
		Ypresian																	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian																	56
		Selandian																	59.2
		Danian																	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian								Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian									72.1
		Santonian								Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian								Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian								Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian								Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								Late Albian									100.5
										Middle Albian									106.2 *
										Early Albian									109.9 *
		Aptian								Late Aptian									113
		Aptian								Early Aptian									119.5 *
		Barremian								Late Barremian/Early Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian								Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian								Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian								Late Berriasian									139.8
										Middle Berriasian									140.6 *
										Early Berriasian									142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								145
		Tithonian								Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian								Late Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Kimmeridgian								Early Kimmeridgian									152.2 *
		Oxfordian								Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian								154.8
		Oxfordian									Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian								157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian									161.5
		Bathonian								Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian									165.3
		Bajocian								Late Bajocian				Epizigzagiceras					168.2
										Late Bajocian				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense					168.4
										Early Bajocian				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense					168.6 *
		Aalenian								Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian				Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								Late Toarcian				Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta					174.7
														Planulata					179.3 *
																Arnioceras arnouldi			179.8 *
										Middle Toarcian									180.4 *
														Kanense					181.3 *
														Carlottense					182.3 *
										Early Toarcian				Carlottense					182.9 *
										Early Toarcian				Kunae					183.5 *
		Pliensbachian								Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian				Kunae					184.2
														Freboldi					185.1 *
														Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras				186.2 *
															Tetraspidoceras				189.2 *
														Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis				190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
				Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras	196.4 *
				Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian					201.4
		Norian	Sevatian				208.5
			Alaunian				213.2 *
			Lacian				216.7 *
		Carnian	Tuvalian				227
		Carnian	Julian				233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian				237
		Ladinian	Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian				242
			Pelsonian				243.8 *
			Bithynian				244.7 *
			Aegean				245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian				247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian				248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian				251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian				251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Meishanian	251.902
		Changhsingian					Baoqingian	253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian					Laoshanian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian					Laibinian	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Lengwuan	259.51
		Wordian					Kuhfengian	264.28
		Roadian					Kuhfengian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					Luodianian	273.01
		Artinskian					Luodianian	283.5
		Artinskian					Longlinian	285.4 *
		Sakmarian					Longlinian	290.1
		Asselian					Zisongian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Zisongian	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Gzhelian							300.1
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian						Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian						Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian						Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean						Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian						Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Lochkovian							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli								Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli								Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian								Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
											Alexandrian	438.7 *
									Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
												440.7 *
		Rhuddanian										440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian										Kosovian	Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian										Kralodvorian		Gamachian	Bohdalec †	445.2
												Kralodvorian		Richmondian		446 *
												Berounian		Richmondian		449.7 *
														Maysvillian		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
														Edenian			450.4 *
													Mohawkian	Chatfieldian			451.1 *
		Sandbian				453								Chatfieldian
						Turinian								453.7 *
				Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	Turinian								456.2 *
				Zahorany †/Vinice		Whiterockian								Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
				Liben †													458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian															458.4
												Dobrotivian					458.5 *
												Oretanian					459.7 *
				Sarka †													461.7 *
		Dapingian		Klabava †													467.3
												Arenigian					468
													Rangerian				469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Ibexian							Blackhillsian			Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian											Tulean					473.9 *
		Tremadocian		Tremadocian									Tulean					477.7
													Stairsian					480.3 *
													Skullrockian				Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10											Skullrockian					485.4
																			487.5