PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Silurian of North America			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Devonian of Eastern North America		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			European Faunal Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Nihewanian							0.0117
				Chibanian																0.129
				Calabrian																0.774
				Gelasian																1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Yushean			Tertiary †			Villanyian	2.58
				Piacenzian															Ruscinian	3.1 *
				Zanclean																3.6
				Zanclean									Baodean							4.9
			Miocene	Messinian															Turolian	5.333
				Tortonian															Turolian	7.246
																			Vallesian	8.7
													Tunggurian						Vallesian	11.1
				Serravallian									Tunggurian						Astaracian	11.63
				Langhian									Shanwangian						Astaracian	13.82
				Burdigalian									Shanwangian						Orleanian	15.98
													Xiejiaan						Orleanian	16.9
																			Agenian	20
				Aquitanian															Agenian	20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian																27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian																33.9
				Bartonian																37.71
				Lutetian																41.2
				Ypresian																47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian																56
				Selandian																59.2
				Danian																61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Lancian/Edmontonian								66
				Campanian								Judithian/Aquilan								72.1
				Santonian																83.6
				Coniacian																86.3
				Turonian																89.8
				Cenomanian																93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian																100.5
				Aptian																113
				Barremian																121.4
				Hauterivian																125.77
				Valanginian																132.6
				Berriasian																139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																145
				Kimmeridgian																149.2
				Oxfordian																154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
				Bathonian																165.3
				Bajocian																168.2
				Aalenian																170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian																174.7
				Pliensbachian																184.2
				Sinemurian																192.9
				Hettangian																199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																201.4
				Norian																208.5
				Carnian																227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian																237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian																242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian																247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan																251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian																251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian													Longtanian †			254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian																259.51
				Wordian																264.28
				Roadian																266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian																273.01
				Artinskian																283.5
Sakmarian				290.1
Asselian				293.52
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	298.9
			Kasimovian	303.7
			Moscovian	307
			Bashkirian	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
			Visean	330.9
			Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
			Pragian			407.6
			Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian		Pridoli			Cayugan		Ohesaare	419.2
					Cayugan		Kaugetuma	421.7 *
					Niagaran		Kaugetuma	422.5 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian				Paadla	423.4 *
			Gorstian				Paadla	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				Lockportian	Rootsikula	427.4
			Homerian				Lockportian	Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian					Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian					Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian				Ontarian	Jaani	433.4
			Telychian					Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian						438.5
									Alexandrian	438.7 *
								Raikkula		439.4 *
					Medinan		Clinton			440.1 *
										440.7 *
			Rhuddanian							440.8
			Rhuddanian					Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Kosovian		443.8
			Katian						Kralodvorian		Bohdalec †	445.2
			Katian						Berounian			449.7 *
			Sandbian									453
												Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
											Liben †			458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											458.4
									Dobrotivian					458.5 *
									Oretanian					459.7 *
											Sarka †			461.7 *
			Dapingian								Klabava †			467.3
			Dapingian						Arenigian					468
		Early Ordovician	Floian						Arenigian					470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10											485.4
			Jiangshanian											489.5
			Paibian											494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian											Series 3 †	497
			Drumian												500.5
			Wuliuan												Stage 5 †	504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4													509
		Series 2	Stage 3													514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran															Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian																635
		Tonian																720
		Tonian															Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian															Karatau	1000
		Stenian															Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian															Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian															Burzyan	1375
																				1400