PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126929 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian of North America			Ordovician of the Baltic				Devonian Subages	Central Paratethys Stages	Ordovician of Britain				Cambrian Epochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan															Saintaugustinean				0
		Meghalayan															Santarosean				0.0004
		Northgrippian																			0.0042
		Greenlandian																			0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																			0.0117
		Late Pleistocene															Rancholabrean				0.014
		Chibanian															Rancholabrean				0.129
		Chibanian															Irvingtonian				0.21
		Calabrian															Irvingtonian				0.774
		Calabrian															Blancan				1.4
		Gelasian																			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																			2.58
		Zanclean																			3.6
		Zanclean															Hemphillian				4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																			5.333
		Tortonian									Pannonian										7.246
		Tortonian									Pannonian						Clarendonian				9.4
		Serravallian									Sarmatian						Clarendonian				11.63
											Sarmatian						Barstovian				12.5
											Badenian										12.8 *
		Langhian																			13.82
		Burdigalian																			15.98
																	Hemingfordian				16.3
																	Arikareean				18.5
		Aquitanian																			20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																	Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
		Rupelian																	Kekeamuan		27.82
																	Whitneyan				29.5
																	Orellan				31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian															Chadronian		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
		Priabonian															Duchesnean		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		37
		Bartonian															Duchesnean		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Bartonian															Uintan				39.7
		Lutetian															Uintan				41.2
		Lutetian															Bridgerian				46.2
		Ypresian															Bridgerian			Bumbanian	47.8
																	Wasatchian				50.5
																	Clarkforkian				54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian															Clarkforkian		Gashatan		56
		Thanetian															Tiffanian		Gashatan		56.2
		Selandian															Tiffanian				59.2
		Selandian															Torrejonian				60.9
		Danian															Torrejonian				61.6
		Danian															Puercan				63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																			66
		Campanian																			72.1
		Santonian																			83.6
		Coniacian																			86.3
		Turonian																			89.8
		Cenomanian																			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																			100.5
		Aptian																			113
		Barremian																			121.4
		Hauterivian																			125.77
		Valanginian																			132.6
		Berriasian																			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																			145
		Kimmeridgian																			149.2
		Oxfordian																			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																			161.5
		Bathonian																			165.3
		Bajocian																			168.2
		Aalenian																			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																			174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	298.9
		Kasimovian	303.7
		Moscovian	307
		Bashkirian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
		Visean	330.9
		Tournaisian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Late Famennian	358.9
			Middle Famennian	365.3 *
			Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian	Late Frasnian	372.2
			Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
			Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Late Givetian	382.7
			Middle Givetian	383.7 *
			Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian	Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian	Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian	Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian	Late Lochkovian	410.8
			Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
			Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Cayugan		419.2
	Pridoli		Niagaran		422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
						Alexandrian	438.7 *
			Medinan		Clinton		440.1 *
							440.7 *
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Harju	Porkuni	Ashgill	Hirnantian	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian						Pirgu		Rawtheyan	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
										Cautleyan			448.9 *
										Pusgillian			449.3 *
								Vormsi	Caradoc	Streffordian			Onnian †	449.6 *
								Vormsi			Berounian			449.7 *
								Nabala						Johvi †	450 *
							Viru	Rakvere							450.6 *
								Rakvere		Cheneyan					451.5 *
								Oandu		Cheneyan					452 *
								Oandu		Burrellian					452.7 *
		Sandbian						Keila						Idavere †	453
								Keila					Actonian †		453.2 *
								Haljala					Actonian †		453.9
													Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
													Longvillian †			455.2 *
																Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
								Kukruse										456.4 *
										Aurelucian								456.8 *
													Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian					457.4 *
								Uhaku						Aluoja †				457.5 *
												Liben †						458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn								458.4
											Dobrotivian							458.5 *
								Lasnamagi			Dobrotivian							458.9 *
								Lasnamagi			Oretanian							459.7 *
								Aseri										460.4 *
										Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn								461.3 *
												Sarka †						461.7 *
							Oeland	Kunda										462.9 *
								Kunda						Valaste †/Hunderum				464.3 *
								Volkhov										Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian										Klabava †							467.3
											Arenigian								468
									Arenig	Fennian									468.4 *
								Billingen											469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian																	470
														Latorp †					470.1 *
										Whitlandian									471.1 *
								Hunneberg		Whitlandian									473.7 *
										Moridunian									474.3 *
		Tremadocian							Tremadoc	Migneintian	Tremadocian								477.7
										Cressagian									480.8 *
								Varangu											481.3 *
								Pakerort											482.2 *
																			485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10												Late Cambrian						485.4
																				486.3 *
																				486.5
		Jiangshanian																		489.5
		Paibian																		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian												Middle Cambrian						497
		Guzhangian		Arcadian																498.4
		Drumian																		500.5
		Wuliuan																		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Early Cambrian										Branchian						509
		Stage 3												Branchian						514
		Stage 3												Placentian						517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2																		521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian																		529
																					538.8