PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Silurian of North America		Silurian Ages of Europe	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Silurian of England		Ordovician of Australia	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Cambrian Epochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Tertiary †									2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean													3.6
			Miocene	Messinian													5.333
				Tortonian													7.246
				Serravallian													11.63
				Langhian													13.82
				Burdigalian													15.98
				Aquitanian													20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian													27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
				Bartonian													37.71
				Lutetian													41.2
				Ypresian													47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian													56
				Selandian													59.2
				Danian													61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
				Campanian													72.1
				Santonian													83.6
				Coniacian													86.3
				Turonian													89.8
				Cenomanian													93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
				Aptian													113
				Barremian													121.4
				Hauterivian													125.77
				Valanginian													132.6
				Berriasian													139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
				Kimmeridgian													149.2
				Oxfordian													154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
				Bathonian													165.3
				Bajocian										Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites			168.2
				Bajocian											Humphresianum		168.4
				Aalenian										Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum			170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian										Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense		174.7
														Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons			180.1
														Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum			182
				Pliensbachian										Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni			184.2
				Sinemurian										Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi			192.9
				Hettangian										Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis			199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
				Norian													208.5
				Carnian													227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian													237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian													242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian													247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan													251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian													251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Longtanian †								254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian													259.51
				Wordian													264.28
				Roadian													266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian													273.01
				Artinskian													283.5
				Sakmarian													290.1
				Asselian													293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian													298.9
				Kasimovian													303.7
				Moscovian													307
				Bashkirian													315.2
			Mississippian	Serpukhovian													323.2
Visean				330.9
Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Emsian	393.3
			Pragian	Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian	Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian		Pridoli		Cayugan	Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
				Cayugan		Bringewood/Elton	421.3
				Niagaran		Bringewood/Elton	422.5 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
			Gorstian				425.6
			Gorstian			Buildwas	426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian			Buildwas	Lockportian			Gleedonian	427.4
					Wych	Woolhope				Gleedonian	428.4 *
								Whitwellian		429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				Ontarian			433.4
			Telychian							436.3 *
			Aeronian							438.5
										Alexandrian	438.7 *
					Cowleigh Park						439.3 *
				Medinan			Clinton				440.1 *
											440.7 *
			Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Bolindian	443.8
			Katian								Bolindian	445.2
											Eastonian	449 *
											Gisbornian	452 *
			Sandbian								Gisbornian	453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								Darriwilian	458.4
			Dapingian								Yapeenian	467.3
			Dapingian								Castlemainian	468.5 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian								Chewtonian	470
											Bendigonian	471.8 *
											Lancefieldian	473.5 *
			Tremadocian								Lancefieldian	477.7
			Tremadocian								Warendian	482.8 *
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10									Late Cambrian	485.4
			Jiangshanian										489.5
			Paibian										494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Series 3 †	Middle Cambrian	497
			Drumian											500.5
			Wuliuan						Stage 5 †					504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4										Early Cambrian	509
		Series 2	Stage 3											514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran													Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian														635
		Tonian														720
		Tonian													Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian													Karatau	1000
		Stenian													Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian													Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian													Burzyan	1375
																	1400