PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126864 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Silurian of North America			Silurian of the Baltic	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of Australia	Silurian of England		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cretaceous Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Wanganui	Haweran							0
				Northgrippian														0.0042
				Greenlandian														0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Tarantian									0.0117
				Chibanian					Ionian									0.129
				Chibanian					Ionian		Castlecliffian							0.34
				Calabrian							Castlecliffian							0.774
				Calabrian							Nukumaruan							1.63
				Gelasian							Nukumaruan							1.8
				Gelasian							Mangapanian							2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Mangapanian							2.58
				Piacenzian							Waipipian							3
				Zanclean							Waipipian							3.6
				Zanclean							Opoitian							3.7
			Miocene	Messinian						Taranaki	Kapitean							5.333
				Messinian							Tongaporutuan							7.2
				Tortonian							Tongaporutuan							7.246
				Tortonian						Southland	Waiauan							11.04
				Serravallian							Waiauan							11.63
				Serravallian							Lillburnian							13.05
				Langhian							Lillburnian							13.82
											Clifdenian							15.1
										Pareora	Altonian							15.9
				Burdigalian							Altonian							15.98
				Burdigalian							Otaian							18.7
				Aquitanian							Otaian							20.44
				Aquitanian						Landon	Waitakian							21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Waitakian				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		23.03
											Duntroonian							25.2
											Whaingaroan							27.3
				Rupelian											Kekeamuan			27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian											Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			33.9
										Arnold	Runangan							34.6
											Kaiatan							36.7
				Bartonian							Kaiatan				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			37.71
				Bartonian							Bortonian							39.1
				Lutetian							Bortonian							41.2
										Dannevirke	Porangan							42.6
											Heretaungan							45.7
				Ypresian							Heretaungan					Bumbanian		47.8
											Mangaorapan							48.9
											Waipawan							52
			Paleocene	Thanetian							Teurian				Gashatan			56
				Selandian														59.2
				Danian														61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian						Mata	Haumurian						Senonian	66
				Campanian							Haumurian							72.1
				Santonian							Piripauan							83.6
				Santonian						Raukumara	Teratan							86.1
				Coniacian														86.3
				Turonian														89.8
											Mangaotanean							90.5
											Arowhanan							93.7
				Cenomanian							Arowhanan							93.9
										Clarence	Ngaterian							95.2
											Motuan							99.5
			Early Cretaceous	Albian							Motuan						Gallic	100.5
											Urutawan							103.3
										Taitai	Korangan							108.4
				Aptian							Korangan							113
				Aptian														117.5
				Barremian														121.4
				Hauterivian													Neocomian	125.77
				Valanginian														132.6
Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
			Kimmeridgian			149.2
			Oxfordian			154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
			Bathonian			165.3
			Bajocian			168.2
			Aalenian			170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
			Pliensbachian			184.2
			Sinemurian			192.9
			Hettangian			199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
			Norian			208.5
			Carnian			227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
			Induan			251.2
			Induan			Kathwai	251.5 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Kathwai	251.902
							252.4 *
						Chhidru	252.9 *
			Wuchiapingian			Chhidru	254.14
						Kalabagh	255 *
						Wargal	256 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
			Wordian				264.28
							265.3 *
						Amb	266.1 *
			Roadian			Amb	266.9
			Roadian				270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
			Artinskian				283.5
			Sakmarian				290.1
			Asselian				293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
			Kasimovian				303.7
			Moscovian				307
			Bashkirian				315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
			Visean				330.9
			Tournaisian				346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
			Pragian				407.6
			Lochkovian				410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli					Cayugan	Ohesaare	Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine		419.2
								Ohesaare		Bringewood/Elton		421.3
								Kaugetuma				421.7 *
							Niagaran	Kaugetuma				422.5 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare	Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		423
			Ludfordian					Paadla		Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		423.4 *
			Gorstian									425.6
			Gorstian							Buildwas		426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian					Lockportian		Buildwas		Rootsikula	427.4
									Wych	Woolhope		Rootsikula	428.4 *
											Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian								Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian								Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian					Ontarian			Jaani	433.4
											Adavere	434 *
					436.3 *
			Aeronian		438.5
					Alexandrian					438.7 *
									Cowleigh Park	439.3 *
										Raikkula	439.4 *
							Medinan	Clinton			440.1 *
											440.7 *
			Rhuddanian								440.8
			Rhuddanian							Juuru	441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Bolindian		443.8
			Katian							Bolindian		445.2
										Eastonian		449 *
										Gisbornian		452 *
			Sandbian							Gisbornian		453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian							Darriwilian		458.4
			Dapingian							Yapeenian		467.3
			Dapingian							Castlemainian		468.5 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian							Chewtonian		470
										Bendigonian		471.8 *
Lancefieldian										473.5 *
Lancefieldian			Tremadocian							477.7
Warendian			Tremadocian							482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								485.4
		Jiangshanian								489.5
		Paibian								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								497
		Drumian								500.5
		Wuliuan								504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								509
	Series 2	Stage 3								514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian				529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																		635