PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Silurian of North America			Devonian of Eastern North America		Carboniferous of North America	Ordovician of the Baltic			North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cenozoic Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Sheridanian					Late Pleistocene	0.0117
				Chibanian										Sheridanian					Middle Pleistocene	0.129
				Chibanian										Cudahyan/Sappan					Middle Pleistocene	0.21
				Calabrian										Cudahyan/Sappan					Early Pleistocene	0.774
				Calabrian										Senecan/Rexroadian						1.4
				Gelasian																1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															Late Pliocene	2.58
				Zanclean															Early Pliocene	3.6
				Zanclean										Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian					Early Pliocene	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian															Late Miocene	5.333
				Tortonian																7.246
				Tortonian										Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						9.4
				Serravallian										Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian					Middle Miocene	11.63
				Serravallian										late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian						12.5
				Langhian																13.82
				Burdigalian															Early Miocene	15.98
														Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						16.3
														late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian					18.5
				Aquitanian																20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	Late Oligocene	23.03
															Monroecreekian					23.1 *
															Geringian					24.7 *
				Rupelian											Geringian		Kekeamuan		Early Oligocene	27.82
				Rupelian													Kekeamuan		Early Oligocene	29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian										Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene	33.9
				Priabonian													Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene	37
				Bartonian													Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Middle Eocene	37.71
				Bartonian										Late Uintan/Early Uintan						39.7
				Lutetian										Late Uintan/Early Uintan						41.2
				Lutetian										Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian						46.2
				Ypresian										Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				Bumbanian	Early Eocene	47.8
														Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean						50.5
																Cf3/Cf2/Cf1				54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian												Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	Gashatan		Late Paleocene	56
				Thanetian												Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	Gashatan		Late Paleocene	56.2
				Selandian												Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1			Middle Paleocene	59.2
				Selandian												To3/To2/To1			Middle Paleocene	60.9
				Danian												To3/To2/To1			Early Paleocene	61.6
				Danian												Pu3/Pu2/Pu1			Early Paleocene	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																66
				Campanian																72.1
				Santonian																83.6
				Coniacian																86.3
				Turonian																89.8
				Cenomanian																93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian																100.5
				Aptian																113
				Barremian																121.4
				Hauterivian																125.77
				Valanginian																132.6
				Berriasian																139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																145
				Kimmeridgian																149.2
				Oxfordian																154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
				Bathonian																165.3
				Bajocian																168.2
				Aalenian																170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian																174.7
				Pliensbachian																184.2
				Sinemurian																192.9
				Hettangian																199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																201.4
				Norian																208.5
Carnian				227
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	237
Middle Triassic			Anisian	242
Early Triassic			Olenekian	247.2
Early Triassic			Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian	264.28
			Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
			Artinskian	283.5
			Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian	Bursumian †	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Virgilian	298.9
			Kasimovian	Missourian	303.7
			Kasimovian	Desmoinesian	305.9 *
			Moscovian	Desmoinesian	307
			Moscovian	Atokan	312.7 *
			Bashkirian	Atokan	315.2
			Bashkirian	Morrowan	318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian	323.2
			Visean	Chesterian	330.9
				Meramecian	335.8 *
				Osagean	343.1 *
			Tournaisian	Osagean	346.7
			Tournaisian	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	West Fallsian/Sonyean		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Southwoodian		Cazenovian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian	393.3
			Pragian				407.6
			Lochkovian				410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli				Cayugan		Ohesaare	419.2
						Cayugan		Kaugetuma	421.7 *
						Niagaran		Kaugetuma	422.5 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian					Paadla	423.4 *
			Gorstian					Paadla	425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian					Lockportian	Rootsikula	427.4
			Homerian					Lockportian	Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian						Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian						Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian					Ontarian	Jaani	433.4
			Telychian						Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian							438.5
										Alexandrian	438.7 *
									Raikkula		439.4 *
						Medinan		Clinton			440.1 *
											440.7 *
			Rhuddanian								440.8
			Rhuddanian						Juuru		441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Harju	Porkuni	443.8
			Katian								Pirgu	445.2
											Vormsi	449.6 *
											Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
										Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
											Oandu		452 *
			Sandbian								Keila	Idavere †	453
											Haljala		453.9
											Kukruse		456.4 *
											Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								Uhaku		458.4
											Lasnamagi		458.9 *
											Aseri		460.4 *
										Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
											Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
											Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
Dapingian			467.3								Volkhov
Dapingian			Billingen								469.3 *
Early Ordovician		Floian									470
											Latorp †		470.1 *
			Hunneberg										473.7 *
		Tremadocian	Hunneberg										Ungurian	477.7
			Varangu											481.3 *
			Pakerort											482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Pakerort										Batyrbaian	485.4
														486.3 *
														486.5
		Jiangshanian												489.5
													Aksaian	490.7 *
													Sakian	492.2 *
		Paibian											Sakian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian											Ayusokkanian	497
		Guzhangian												499.5
		Drumian											Zhanaarykian	500.5
		Drumian											Tuesaian	503
		Wuliuan											Tuesaian	504.5
		Wuliuan												505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4												509
					Toyonian								510 *
					Botomian								512.5 *
		Stage 3			Botomian								514
		Stage 3			Atdabanian								515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Tommotian								521
		Stage 2			525.5
		Fortunian			529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																				635