PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126894 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Silurian of North America			Devonian of France	Ordovician of Britain				Permian of the Russian Platform		Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Permian of China	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cambrian of West Avalonia	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan														Saintaugustinean				0
				Meghalayan														Santarosean				0.0004
				Northgrippian																		0.0042
				Greenlandian																		0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																		0.0117
				Late Pleistocene														Rancholabrean				0.014
				Chibanian														Rancholabrean				0.129
				Chibanian														Irvingtonian				0.21
				Calabrian														Irvingtonian				0.774
				Calabrian														Blancan				1.4
				Gelasian																		1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																		2.58
				Zanclean																		3.6
				Zanclean														Hemphillian				4.7
			Miocene	Messinian																		5.333
				Tortonian																		7.246
				Tortonian														Clarendonian				9.4
				Serravallian														Clarendonian				11.63
				Serravallian														Barstovian				12.5
				Langhian																		13.82
				Burdigalian																		15.98
																		Hemingfordian				16.3
																		Arikareean				18.5
				Aquitanian																		20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
				Rupelian																Kekeamuan		27.82
																		Whitneyan				29.5
																		Orellan				31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian														Chadronian		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
				Priabonian														Duchesnean		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		37
				Bartonian														Duchesnean		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
				Bartonian														Uintan				39.7
				Lutetian														Uintan				41.2
				Lutetian														Bridgerian				46.2
				Ypresian														Bridgerian			Bumbanian	47.8
																		Wasatchian				50.5
																		Clarkforkian				54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian														Clarkforkian		Gashatan		56
				Thanetian														Tiffanian		Gashatan		56.2
				Selandian														Tiffanian				59.2
				Selandian														Torrejonian				60.9
				Danian														Torrejonian				61.6
				Danian														Puercan				63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																		66
				Campanian																		72.1
				Santonian																		83.6
				Coniacian																		86.3
				Turonian																		89.8
				Cenomanian																		93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian																		100.5
				Aptian																		113
				Barremian																		121.4
				Hauterivian																		125.77
				Valanginian																		132.6
				Berriasian																		139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																		145
				Kimmeridgian																		149.2
				Oxfordian																		154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian																		161.5
				Bathonian																		165.3
				Bajocian																		168.2
				Aalenian																		170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian																		174.7
				Pliensbachian																		184.2
Sinemurian				192.9
Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Meishanian	251.902
			Changhsingian	Baoqingian	253.4 *
			Wuchiapingian	Laoshanian	254.14
				Laoshanian	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
				Laibinian		Vyatkian	257.7 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Severodvinian		Lengwuan	259.51
			Wordian	Urzhumian		Kuhfengian	264.28
			Roadian	Kazanian	Povolzhian		266.9
			Roadian	Kazanian	Sokian		270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	Luodianian	273.01
					Filipovian		276.5 *
					Saraninian		280.1 *
			Artinskian	Artinskian	Sarginian		283.5
					Sarginian	Longlinian	285.4 *
					Irginian		285.9 *
					Burtsevian		287.8 *
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian		290.1
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Tastubian		291.7 *
			Asselian	Asselian	Shikhanian	Zisongian	293.52
					Uskalykian		294.8
					Surenian		297.5
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
			Gzhelian				300.1
			Kasimovian				303.7
			Moscovian				307
			Bashkirian				315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
			Visean				330.9
			Tournaisian				346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				Famennian	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				Frasnian	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				Couvinien	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
			Pragian					407.6
			Pragian				Coblencien	408.2 *
			Lochkovian				Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli					Cayugan		419.2
		Pridoli					Niagaran		422.5 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
		Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian						Lockportian	427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian						Ontarian	433.4
			Aeronian							438.5
										Alexandrian	438.7 *
							Medinan		Clinton		440.1 *
											440.7 *
			Rhuddanian								440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Ashgill	Hirnantian	Kosovian	443.8
			Katian									Rawtheyan	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
												Cautleyan			448.9 *
												Pusgillian			449.3 *
											Caradoc	Streffordian			Onnian †	449.6 *
												Streffordian	Berounian			449.7 *
												Cheneyan				451.5 *
												Burrellian				452.7 *
			Sandbian													453
															Actonian †	453.2 *
															Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
															Longvillian †		455.2 *
																	Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
												Aurelucian							456.8 *
															Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian				457.4 *
Liben †															Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn					458.4
													Dobrotivian				458.5 *
													Oretanian				459.7 *
												Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					461.3 *
Sarka †																		461.7 *
Dapingian			Klabava †															467.3
													Arenigian					468
											Arenig	Fennian						468.4 *
Early Ordovician		Floian										Fennian						470
												Whitlandian						471.1 *
												Moridunian						474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc								Migneintian	Tremadocian						477.7
			Tremadoc								Cressagian							480.8 *
																		485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10																485.4
		Jiangshanian																489.5
		Paibian																494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian																497
		Guzhangian																Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian																	500.5
		Wuliuan		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Branchian	509
		Stage 3		Branchian	514
		Stage 3		Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian			529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran				Vendian †												Poundian †		538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran				Vendian †												Wonokan †		571.7 *
																						635