PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian of North America			Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Ordovician of Australia	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ordovician of North America						Devonian of Germany	Obsolete Names for ICS Units		Permian Subages of Germany
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															Tertiary †			2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean																		3.6
	Miocene	Messinian																		5.333
		Tortonian																		7.246
		Serravallian																		11.63
		Langhian																		13.82
		Burdigalian																		15.98
		Aquitanian																		20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian											23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian						Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian											27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian						Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian												33.9
		Bartonian						Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan												37.71
		Lutetian																		41.2
		Ypresian							Bumbanian											47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Gashatan												56
		Selandian																		59.2
		Danian																		61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																		66
		Campanian																		72.1
		Santonian																		83.6
		Coniacian																		86.3
		Turonian																		89.8
		Cenomanian																		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																		100.5
		Aptian																		113
		Barremian																		121.4
		Hauterivian																		125.77
		Valanginian																		132.6
		Berriasian																		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																		145
		Kimmeridgian																		149.2
		Oxfordian																		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																		161.5
		Bathonian																		165.3
		Bajocian																		168.2
		Aalenian																		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																		174.7
		Pliensbachian																		184.2
		Sinemurian																		192.9
		Hettangian																		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																		201.4
		Norian																		208.5
		Carnian																		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian																		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan																		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian																	Buntsandstein	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian																Longtanian †	Buntsandstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian																	Ohre/Aller	259.51
		Wordian																	Leine	264.28
		Roadian																		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian																		273.01
		Artinskian																		283.5
		Sakmarian																		290.1
		Asselian																		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				Mapingian †														298.9
		Kasimovian				Mapingian †														303.7
		Kasimovian																		305.9
		Moscovian																		307
		Bashkirian																		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian																		323.2
		Visean																		330.9
		Tournaisian																		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian	Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Cayugan		419.2
	Pridoli		Niagaran		422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			Lockportian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian			Ontarian		433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
							Alexandrian	438.7 *
			Medinan		Clinton			440.1 *
								440.7 *
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Bolindian	Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian								Gamachian	445.2
										Richmondian	446 *
								Eastonian		Richmondian	449 *
										Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
										Edenian		450.4 *
									Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
								Gisbornian				452 *
		Sandbian										453
										Turinian		453.7 *
									Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Darriwilian					458.4
		Dapingian						Yapeenian					467.3
								Castlemainian					468.5 *
								Castlemainian		Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian						Chewtonian	Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
								Bendigonian						471.8 *
								Lancefieldian						473.5 *
										Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian								Tulean				477.7
										Stairsian				480.3 *
										Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
								Warendian					Demingian †	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10												Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10													Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian													Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian													Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian													Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian												Series 3 †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian													Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan													Stage 5 †		Topazan	504.5
		Wuliuan													Stage 5 †		Delamaran	506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4														Waucoban †	Delamaran	509
		Stage 4															Dyeran	511 *
		Stage 3															Dyeran	514
																	Montezuman	514.8 *
																	Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2																521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian																529
																				538.8