PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian of North America			Carboniferous of China	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Ordovician of Australia	Permian of Western Europe	Cambrian of Britain		Carboniferous Subepochs	Neogene Mammal Ages of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Nihewanian	0.0117
		Chibanian												0.129
		Calabrian												0.774
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Yushean	2.58
		Zanclean											Yushean	3.6
		Zanclean											Baodean	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Tortonian											Tunggurian	11.1
		Serravallian											Tunggurian	11.63
		Langhian											Shanwangian	13.82
		Burdigalian											Shanwangian	15.98
		Burdigalian											Xiejiaan	16.9
		Aquitanian											Xiejiaan	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian												33.9
		Bartonian												37.71
		Lutetian												41.2
		Ypresian												47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian												56
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian												72.1
		Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian												100.5
		Aptian												113
		Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian												145
		Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian												168.2
		Aalenian												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian												174.7
		Pliensbachian												184.2
		Sinemurian												192.9
		Hettangian												199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian												201.4
		Norian												208.5
		Carnian												227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian												237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian												242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian					Vokhmian							247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan					Vokhmian							251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian												251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		Zechstein					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		Rotliegendes					259.51
		Wordian					Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian							264.28
		Roadian					Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian												273.01
		Artinskian							Autunian					283.5
		Sakmarian												290.1
		Asselian												293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian										Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
		Gzhelian	Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian	Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian	Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian		Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian		Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
			Huashibanian		318.5 *
			Lousuan		321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Dewunian	Late Mississippian	323.2
		Serpukhovian	Shangsian	Late Mississippian	330.8 *
		Visean	Shangsian	Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Visean	Jiusian	Middle Mississippian	335 *
		Tournaisian	Tangbagouan	Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli				Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				Lockportian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian				Ontarian		433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
								Alexandrian		438.7 *
					Medinan	Clinton				440.1 *
										440.7 *
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Bolindian	443.8
		Katian								Bolindian	445.2
										Eastonian	449 *
										Gisbornian	452 *
		Sandbian								Gisbornian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								Darriwilian	458.4
		Dapingian								Yapeenian	467.3
		Dapingian								Castlemainian	468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian								Chewtonian	470
										Bendigonian	471.8 *
										Lancefieldian	473.5 *
		Tremadocian								Lancefieldian	477.7
		Tremadocian								Warendian	482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
		Stage 10										Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian										Festiniogian	489.5
		Jiangshanian										Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian										Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									St Davids		497
		Drumian											500.5
		Wuliuan											504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Caerfai		509
	Series 2	Stage 3											514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											529
														538.8