PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian of North America			Permian of North America		North American Land Mammal Ages	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Silurian of the Baltic	Ordovician of Britain
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan						Saintaugustinean								0
		Meghalayan						Santarosean								0.0004
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Late Pleistocene						Rancholabrean								0.014
		Chibanian						Rancholabrean								0.129
		Chibanian						Irvingtonian								0.21
		Calabrian						Irvingtonian								0.774
		Calabrian						Blancan								1.4
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														2.58
		Zanclean														3.6
		Zanclean						Hemphillian								4.7
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Tortonian						Clarendonian								9.4
		Serravallian						Clarendonian								11.63
		Serravallian						Barstovian								12.5
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
								Hemingfordian								16.3
								Arikareean								18.5
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
		Rupelian														27.82
								Whitneyan								29.5
								Orellan								31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian						Chadronian								33.9
		Priabonian						Duchesnean								37
		Bartonian						Duchesnean								37.71
		Bartonian						Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian						Uintan								41.2
		Lutetian						Bridgerian								46.2
		Ypresian						Bridgerian								47.8
								Wasatchian								50.5
								Clarkforkian								54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Clarkforkian								56
		Thanetian						Tiffanian								56.2
		Selandian						Tiffanian								59.2
		Selandian						Torrejonian								60.9
		Danian						Torrejonian								61.6
		Danian						Puercan								63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
		Campanian														72.1
		Santonian														83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian														93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
		Aptian														113
		Barremian														121.4
		Hauterivian														125.77
		Valanginian														132.6
		Berriasian														139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian														145
		Kimmeridgian														149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian														165.3
		Bajocian							Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites							168.2
		Bajocian								Humphresianum						168.4
		Aalenian							Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense						174.7
				180.1					Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons
				Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum	182
		Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni	184.2
		Sinemurian		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi	192.9
		Hettangian		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
		Norian			208.5
		Carnian			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian			Wordian	264.28
		Roadian			Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian				Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian				Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian			Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian				Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian				Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					Famennian		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					Frasnian		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					Couvinien		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian							407.6
		Pragian					Coblencien		408.2 *
		Lochkovian					Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Cayugan		Ohesaare		419.2
							Cayugan		Kaugetuma		421.7 *
							Niagaran		Kaugetuma		422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian							Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian						425.6	Paadla
	Wenlock	Homerian						Lockportian	Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian						Lockportian	Jaagarahu		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian							Jaagarahu		430.5
		Sheinwoodian							Jaani		431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian						Ontarian	Jaani		433.4
		Telychian							Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian									438.5
											Alexandrian	438.7 *
									Raikkula			439.4 *
							Medinan	Clinton				440.1 *
												440.7 *
		Rhuddanian										440.8
		Rhuddanian							Juuru			441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian										Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian											Rawtheyan	445.2
													Cautleyan	448.9 *
													Pusgillian	449.3 *
												Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
													Cheneyan		451.5 *
													Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian	453
			Actonian †											453.2 *
			Marshbrookian †											Woolstonian †	454.2 *
			Longvillian †												455.2 *
			Longvillian †										Aurelucian		456.8 *
			Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian										Aurelucian	457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn									Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn		458.4
		Darriwilian										Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn		461.3 *
		Dapingian										Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn		467.3
		Dapingian	Arenig									Fennian		468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian										Fennian		470
												Whitlandian		471.1 *
												Moridunian		474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc									Migneintian		477.7
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc									Cressagian		480.8 *
																485 *