PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Silurian of North America			Mesozoic Subages		Silurian of England		Central Paratethys Stages	Cambrian of China		Silurian of the Baltic	Cambrian Epochs	Ordovician of North America				European Faunal Zones
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Gelasian																	MN 17	1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																	MN 16	2.58
				Piacenzian																	MN 15	3.2
				Zanclean																	MN 15	3.6
																					MN 14	4.2
																					MN 13	4.9
			Miocene	Messinian																	MN 13	5.333
				Tortonian								Pannonian									MN 12	7.246
																					MN 11	7.75
																					MN 10	8.7
																					MN 9	9.7
																					MN 7 + 8	11.1
				Serravallian								Sarmatian									MN 7 + 8	11.63
				Serravallian								Badenian									MN 6	12.8 *
				Langhian																	MN 5	13.82
				Burdigalian																	MN 4	15.98
																					MN 3	16.9
																					MN 2	20
				Aquitanian																	MN 2	20.44
				Aquitanian																	MN 1	22.4
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																		23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian																		27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian																		33.9
				Bartonian																		37.71
				Lutetian																		41.2
				Ypresian																		47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian																		56
				Selandian																		59.2
				Danian																		61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian				Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian														66
				Campanian				Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian														72.1
				Santonian				Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian														83.6
				Coniacian				Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian														86.3
				Turonian				Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian														89.8
				Cenomanian				Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian														93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian				Late Albian														100.5
								Middle Albian														106.2 *
								Early Albian														109.9 *
				Aptian				Late Aptian														113
				Aptian				Early Aptian														119.5 *
				Barremian				Late Barremian/Early Barremian														121.4
				Hauterivian				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian														125.77
				Valanginian				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian														132.6
				Berriasian				Late Berriasian														139.8
								Middle Berriasian														140.6 *
								Early Berriasian														142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian													145
				Tithonian				Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian													146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian				Late Kimmeridgian														149.2
				Kimmeridgian				Early Kimmeridgian														152.2 *
				Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian													154.8
				Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian													157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian				Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian														161.5
				Bathonian				Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian														165.3
				Bajocian				Late Bajocian														168.2
				Bajocian				Early Bajocian														168.6 *
				Aalenian				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian														170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Late Toarcian														174.7
								Middle Toarcian														180.4 *
								Early Toarcian														182.9 *
				Pliensbachian				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian														184.2
				Sinemurian				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian														192.9
				Hettangian				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian														199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																		201.4
Norian				Sevatian	208.5
				Alaunian	213.2 *
				Lacian	216.7 *
Carnian				Tuvalian	227
Carnian				Julian	233.4 *
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	Longobardian	237
			Ladinian	Fassanian	239.7 *
			Anisian	Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
			Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
			Induan	Dienerian	251.2
			Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
			Wordian		264.28
			Roadian		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
			Artinskian		283.5
			Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
			Kasimovian		303.7
			Moscovian		307
			Bashkirian		315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
			Visean		330.9
			Tournaisian		346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
			Pragian		407.6
			Lochkovian		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli			Cayugan	Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	Ohesaare		419.2
							Bringewood/Elton	Ohesaare		421.3
								Kaugetuma		421.7 *
					Niagaran			Kaugetuma		422.5 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	Kuressaare		423
			Ludfordian				Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	Paadla		423.4 *
			Gorstian							425.6
			Gorstian				Buildwas			426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian				Buildwas	Lockportian		Rootsikula	427.4
						Wych	Woolhope			Rootsikula	428.4 *
										Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian							Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian							Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian					Ontarian		Jaani	433.4
									Adavere	434 *
										436.3 *
			Aeronian							438.5
										Alexandrian	438.7 *
						Cowleigh Park					439.3 *
									Raikkula		439.4 *
					Medinan			Clinton			440.1 *
											440.7 *
			Rhuddanian								440.8
			Rhuddanian						Juuru		441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
			Katian									Gamachian	445.2
												Richmondian	446 *
												Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
												Edenian		450.4 *
											Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
			Sandbian									Chatfieldian		453
												Turinian		453.7 *
											Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian												458.4
			Dapingian												467.3
			Dapingian									Rangerian			469.1 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian								Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
			Floian									Tulean				473.9 *
			Tremadocian									Tulean				477.7
												Stairsian				480.3 *
												Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †								Skullrockian	Late Cambrian				485.4
		Stage 10	Niuchehean														487.5
		Jiangshanian	Jiangshanian														489.5
		Paibian	Paibian														494
		Paibian	Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian													494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Guzhangian	Wangcunian †									Middle Cambrian				497
		Drumian	Drumian	Wangcunian †													500.5
		Wuliuan	Wuliuan/Taijangian														504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Duyunian										Early Cambrian				509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Nangaoian														514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Meishucunian														521
		Fortunian	Meishucunian														529
		Fortunian	Jinnigian														530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran																Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran																Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																						635