PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian of North America			Ammonite Chrons of North America			Devonian of Eastern North America		Permian of North America		Permian Subages of Germany	Central Paratethys Stages	Cambrian of Britain		North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan															Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan															Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																0.0117
		Late Pleistocene															Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian															Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian															Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian															Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian															Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																2.58
		Zanclean																3.6
		Zanclean															Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian																5.333
		Tortonian												Pannonian				7.246
		Tortonian												Pannonian			Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian												Sarmatian			Clarendonian	11.63
														Sarmatian			Barstovian	12.5
														Badenian				12.8 *
		Langhian																13.82
		Burdigalian																15.98
																	Hemingfordian	16.3
																	Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																23.03
		Rupelian																27.82
																	Whitneyan	29.5
																	Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian															Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian															Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian															Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian															Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian															Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian															Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian															Bridgerian	47.8
																	Wasatchian	50.5
																	Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian															Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian															Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian															Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian															Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian															Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian															Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																66
		Campanian																72.1
		Santonian																83.6
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
		Cenomanian																93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																100.5
		Aptian																113
		Barremian																121.4
		Hauterivian																125.77
		Valanginian																132.6
		Berriasian																139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																145
		Kimmeridgian																149.2
		Oxfordian																154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
		Bathonian																165.3
		Bajocian				Epizigzagiceras												168.2
		Bajocian				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense												168.4
		Aalenian				Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta	174.7
			Planulata	179.3 *
			Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
			Kanense		181.3 *
			Carlottense		182.3 *
			Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae		184.2
			Freboldi		185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
					Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian				192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras		196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Buntsandstein	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Buntsandstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Capitanian	Ohre/Aller	259.51
		Wordian				Wordian	Leine	264.28
		Roadian				Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				Leonardian		Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian						Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian						Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian				Wolfcampian		Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian						Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian						Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							298.9
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian							307
		Bashkirian							315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian							323.2
		Visean							330.9
		Tournaisian							346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian							Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian							Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian							Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian									407.6
		Lochkovian									410.8
Silurian	Pridoli									Cayugan		Ohesaare	419.2
										Cayugan		Kaugetuma	421.7 *
										Niagaran		Kaugetuma	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian										Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian										Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian										Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian										Lockportian	Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian										Lockportian	Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian											Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian											Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian										Ontarian	Jaani	433.4
		Telychian											Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian												438.5
														Alexandrian	438.7 *
													Raikkula		439.4 *
										Medinan		Clinton			440.1 *
															440.7 *
		Rhuddanian													440.8
		Rhuddanian											Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian													443.8
		Katian													445.2
		Sandbian													453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian													458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian													467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian													470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian													477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10													Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
		Stage 10														Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian														Festiniogian	489.5
		Jiangshanian														Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian			494											Maentwrogian
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian			St Davids											497
		Drumian	500.5
		Wuliuan	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Caerfai	509
	Series 2	Stage 3		514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian		529
																		538.8