PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 128253 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Silurian of North America			Ammonite Chrons of North America			Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian of Australia	Central Paratethys Stages	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		North American Land Mammal Ages	Cretaceous Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan													Saintaugustinean		0
				Meghalayan													Santarosean		0.0004
				Northgrippian															0.0042
				Greenlandian															0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
				Late Pleistocene													Rancholabrean		0.014
				Chibanian													Rancholabrean		0.129
				Chibanian													Irvingtonian		0.21
				Calabrian													Irvingtonian		0.774
				Calabrian													Blancan		1.4
				Gelasian															1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															2.58
				Zanclean															3.6
				Zanclean													Hemphillian		4.7
			Miocene	Messinian															5.333
				Tortonian										Pannonian					7.246
				Tortonian										Pannonian			Clarendonian		9.4
				Serravallian										Sarmatian			Clarendonian		11.63
														Sarmatian			Barstovian		12.5
														Badenian					12.8 *
				Langhian															13.82
				Burdigalian															15.98
																	Hemingfordian		16.3
																	Arikareean		18.5
				Aquitanian															20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian															23.03
				Rupelian															27.82
																	Whitneyan		29.5
																	Orellan		31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian													Chadronian		33.9
				Priabonian													Duchesnean		37
				Bartonian													Duchesnean		37.71
				Bartonian													Uintan		39.7
				Lutetian													Uintan		41.2
				Lutetian													Bridgerian		46.2
				Ypresian													Bridgerian		47.8
																	Wasatchian		50.5
																	Clarkforkian		54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian													Clarkforkian		56
				Thanetian													Tiffanian		56.2
				Selandian													Tiffanian		59.2
				Selandian													Torrejonian		60.9
				Danian													Torrejonian		61.6
				Danian													Puercan		63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian							Senonian	66
				Campanian							Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian								72.1
				Santonian							Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian								83.6
				Coniacian							Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian								86.3
				Turonian							Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian								89.8
				Cenomanian							Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian								93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian							Late Albian							Gallic	100.5
											Middle Albian								106.2 *
											Early Albian								109.9 *
				Aptian							Late Aptian								113
				Aptian							Early Aptian								119.5 *
				Barremian							Late Barremian/Early Barremian								121.4
				Hauterivian							Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian							Neocomian	125.77
				Valanginian							Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian								132.6
				Berriasian							Late Berriasian								139.8
											Middle Berriasian								140.6 *
											Early Berriasian								142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							145
				Tithonian							Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian							Late Kimmeridgian								149.2
Early Kimmeridgian				Kimmeridgian	152.2 *
Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
Middle Jurassic			Callovian	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
			Bathonian	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
			Bajocian	Epizigzagiceras		Late Bajocian	168.2
				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense		Late Bajocian	168.4
				Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense		Early Bajocian	168.6 *
			Aalenian	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian	170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta		Late Toarcian	174.7
				Planulata			179.3 *
							Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
						Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
				Kanense				181.3 *
				Carlottense				182.3 *
				Carlottense		Early Toarcian		182.9 *
				Kunae		Early Toarcian		183.5 *
			Pliensbachian	Kunae		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
				Freboldi				185.1 *
				Whiteavesi/Imlayi				Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
								Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
				Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras				Canadensis	190.3 *
			Sinemurian			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
				Pseudaetomoceras			Psiloceras		196.4 *
				Franziceras/Euphyllites					196.5 *
			Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian						201.4
			Norian				Sevatian		208.5
							Alaunian		213.2 *
							Lacian		216.7 *
			Carnian				Tuvalian		227
			Carnian				Julian		233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian				Longobardian		237
			Ladinian				Fassanian		239.7 *
			Anisian				Illyrian		242
							Pelsonian		243.8 *
							Bithynian		244.7 *
							Aegean		245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian				Spathian		247.2
			Olenekian				Smithian		248.9 *
			Induan				Dienerian		251.2
			Induan				Griesbachian		251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian						251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
			Wordian						264.28
			Roadian						266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian						273.01
			Artinskian						283.5
			Sakmarian						290.1
			Asselian						293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian						298.9
			Kasimovian						303.7
			Moscovian						307
			Bashkirian						315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
			Visean						330.9
			Tournaisian						346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
			Pragian						407.6
			Lochkovian						410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli							Cayugan	419.2
		Pridoli							Niagaran	422.5 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
		Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian		Lockportian					427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian		Ontarian					433.4
			Aeronian							438.5
										Alexandrian	438.7 *
					Medinan				Clinton		440.1 *
											440.7 *
			Rhuddanian								440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								443.8
			Katian								445.2
			Sandbian								453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian								467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian								470
			Tremadocian								477.7
			Tremadocian								Mansian †	483.55 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Datsonian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
											Payntonian					486.8 *
											Payntonian					Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian					Iverian			489.5
											Aksaian		490.7 *
				Sakian		492.2 *
						Steptoean					493 *
			Paibian					Idamean			494
			Paibian					Idamean			Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		494.7 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Mindyallan		Marjumian		Albertian †			Ayusokkanian			497
				Boomerangian							Ayusokkanian			499
				Boomerangian							Mayan/Menevian			499.5
			Drumian	Undillan										500.5
			Drumian	Floran										503
			Wuliuan	Templetonian		Topazan					Amgan/Solvan			504.5
				Templetonian		Delamaran								506.5
				Ordian										507.8 *
		Series 2	Stage 4					Waucoban †						509
											Toyonian	Lenian †		510 *
														510.8 *
						Dyeran								511 *
Botomian							512.5 *
			Stage 3				514
						Montezuman	514.8 *
Atdabanian						Montezuman					515.6 *
Atdabanian						Begadean					519.9 *
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	Tommotian								521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian								525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian				Manykaian †				529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran					Vendian †	Poundian †								538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran					Vendian †	Wonokan †								571.7 *
																			635