PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127356 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Silurian of England		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Ordovician of the Baltic				Obsolete Precambrian Ages		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	North American Land Mammal Ages	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan																Saintaugustinean			0
				Meghalayan																Santarosean			0.0004
				Northgrippian																			0.0042
				Greenlandian																			0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												Sheridanian							0.0117
				Late Pleistocene																Rancholabrean			0.014
				Chibanian																Rancholabrean			0.129
				Chibanian												Cudahyan/Sappan				Irvingtonian			0.21
				Calabrian												Cudahyan/Sappan				Irvingtonian			0.774
				Calabrian												Senecan/Rexroadian				Blancan			1.4
				Gelasian																			1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Tertiary †																2.58
				Zanclean																			3.6
				Zanclean												Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian				Hemphillian			4.7
			Miocene	Messinian																			5.333
				Tortonian																			7.246
				Tortonian												Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				Clarendonian			9.4
				Serravallian												Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian				Clarendonian			11.63
				Serravallian												late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian				Barstovian			12.5
				Langhian																			13.82
				Burdigalian																			15.98
																Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian				Hemingfordian			16.3
																late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian			Arikareean			18.5
				Aquitanian																			20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																			23.03
																	Monroecreekian						23.1 *
																	Geringian						24.7 *
				Rupelian													Geringian						27.82
																				Whitneyan			29.5
																				Orellan			31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian												Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian				Chadronian			33.9
				Priabonian																Duchesnean			37
				Bartonian																Duchesnean			37.71
				Bartonian												Late Uintan/Early Uintan				Uintan			39.7
				Lutetian												Late Uintan/Early Uintan				Uintan			41.2
				Lutetian												Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				Bridgerian			46.2
				Ypresian												Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian				Bridgerian			47.8
																Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				Wasatchian			50.5
																		Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Clarkforkian			54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian														Cf3/Cf2/Cf1		Clarkforkian			56
				Thanetian														Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Tiffanian			56.2
				Selandian														Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1		Tiffanian			59.2
				Selandian														To3/To2/To1		Torrejonian			60.9
				Danian														To3/To2/To1		Torrejonian			61.6
				Danian														Pu3/Pu2/Pu1		Puercan			63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																			66
				Campanian																			72.1
				Santonian																			83.6
				Coniacian																			86.3
				Turonian																			89.8
				Cenomanian																			93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian																			100.5
				Aptian																			113
				Barremian																			121.4
				Hauterivian																			125.77
				Valanginian																			132.6
				Berriasian																			139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																			145
				Kimmeridgian																			149.2
				Oxfordian																			154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian																			161.5
				Bathonian																			165.3
				Bajocian																	Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites		168.2
				Bajocian																		Humphresianum	168.4
Aalenian				Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
				Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons		180.1
				Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
			Pliensbachian	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
			Sinemurian	Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
			Hettangian	Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
			Norian			208.5
			Carnian			227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian			247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan			251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †		254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
			Wordian					264.28
			Roadian					266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
			Artinskian					283.5
			Sakmarian					290.1
			Asselian					293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Mapingian †	298.9
			Kasimovian					Mapingian †	303.7
			Kasimovian						305.9
			Moscovian						307
			Bashkirian						315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian						323.2
			Visean						330.9
			Tournaisian						346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
			Pragian						407.6
			Lochkovian						410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli							Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
		Pridoli							Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
			Gorstian								425.6
			Gorstian							Buildwas	426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian							Buildwas	427.4
			Homerian						Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
			Sheinwoodian				430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian				433.4
			Telychian							436.3 *
			Aeronian							438.5
			Aeronian						Cowleigh Park	439.3 *
			Rhuddanian						Cowleigh Park	440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Harju	Porkuni	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
			Katian								Pirgu		Rawtheyan	445.2
													Cautleyan	448.9 *
													Pusgillian	449.3 *
											Vormsi	Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
											Nabala				Johvi †	450 *
										Viru	Rakvere					450.6 *
											Rakvere		Cheneyan			451.5 *
											Oandu		Cheneyan			452 *
											Oandu		Burrellian			452.7 *
			Sandbian								Keila				Idavere †	453
											Keila			Actonian †		453.2 *
											Haljala			Actonian †		453.9
														Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
														Longvillian †			455.2 *
					Kukruse						456.4 *
											Aurelucian		456.8 *
													Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.4 *
					Uhaku								Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		Aluoja †	457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian		Uhaku						Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn				458.4
				Lasnamagi	458.9 *
				Aseri	460.4 *
				Aseri	Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn							461.3 *
				Oeland						Kunda		462.9 *
										Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum			464.3 *
										Volkhov					Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian													467.3
Arenig					Fennian						468.4 *
										Billingen	469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian			470
						Latorp †						470.1 *
					Whitlandian							471.1 *
					Whitlandian					Hunneberg		473.7 *
					Moridunian							474.3 *
Tremadocian			Tremadoc		Migneintian							477.7
					Cressagian							480.8 *
										Varangu		481.3 *
										Pakerort		482.2 *
								485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						485.4
										486.3 *
										486.5
		Jiangshanian								489.5
		Paibian								494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Series 3 †		497
		Drumian										500.5
		Wuliuan										Stage 5 †			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4													509
	Series 2	Stage 3													514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2													521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian													529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran															Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran															Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																							635