PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Silurian of England		North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian of Western Europe	Permian Subages of Germany	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Permian of the Pamirs	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Saintaugustinean											0
				Meghalayan			Santarosean											0.0004
				Northgrippian														0.0042
				Greenlandian														0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											Nihewanian			0.0117
				Late Pleistocene			Rancholabrean											0.014
				Chibanian			Rancholabrean											0.129
				Chibanian			Irvingtonian											0.21
				Calabrian			Irvingtonian											0.774
				Calabrian			Blancan											1.4
				Gelasian														1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											Yushean	Tertiary †		2.58
				Zanclean														3.6
							Hemphillian											4.7
															Baodean			4.9
			Miocene	Messinian														5.333
				Tortonian														7.246
							Clarendonian											9.4
															Tunggurian			11.1
				Serravallian														11.63
				Serravallian			Barstovian											12.5
				Langhian											Shanwangian			13.82
				Burdigalian														15.98
							Hemingfordian											16.3
							Hemingfordian								Xiejiaan			16.9
							Arikareean											18.5
				Aquitanian														20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
				Rupelian														27.82
							Whitneyan											29.5
							Orellan											31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian			Chadronian											33.9
				Priabonian			Duchesnean											37
				Bartonian			Duchesnean											37.71
				Bartonian			Uintan											39.7
				Lutetian			Uintan											41.2
				Lutetian			Bridgerian											46.2
				Ypresian			Bridgerian											47.8
							Wasatchian											50.5
							Clarkforkian											54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian			Clarkforkian											56
				Thanetian			Tiffanian											56.2
				Selandian			Tiffanian											59.2
				Selandian			Torrejonian											60.9
				Danian			Torrejonian											61.6
				Danian			Puercan											63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian														66
				Campanian														72.1
				Santonian														83.6
				Coniacian														86.3
				Turonian														89.8
				Cenomanian														93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian														100.5
				Aptian														113
				Barremian														121.4
				Hauterivian														125.77
				Valanginian														132.6
				Berriasian														139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian						Oteke	Puaroan							145
				Kimmeridgian						Oteke	Puaroan							149.2
										Kawhia	Ohauan							150
											Heterian							154.5
				Oxfordian														154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
Temaikan				Callovian	164.3
				Bathonian	165.3
				Bajocian	168.2
				Aalenian	170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
Herangi				Toarcian	Ururoan	176
				Pliensbachian	Ururoan	184.2
				Pliensbachian	Aratauran	188.9
				Sinemurian		192.9
				Hettangian		199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Balfour	Otapirian	201.4
			Norian		Warepan	208.5
					Otamitan	217
					Oretian	221
			Carnian		Oretian	227
			Carnian	Gore	Kaihikuan	227.5
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian		Kaihikuan	237
			Ladinian		Etalian	238
			Anisian		Etalian	242
			Anisian		Malakovian	246
		Early Triassic	Olenekian		Malakovian	247.2
			Olenekian		Nelsonian	249
			Induan		Nelsonian	251.2
			Induan	DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan	Buntsandstein		Dorashamian	251.902
			Changhsingian		Waiitian			Dorashamian	253.2
			Wuchiapingian		Waiitian			Zechstein	Dzhulfian	Longtanian †	254.14
			Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan			Zechstein	Dzhulfian	Longtanian †	254.2
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Rotliegendes	Ohre/Aller	Aparima		Flettian	Midian		259.51
			Wordian		Leine			Flettian			264.28
								Barettian			266
									Murgabian		266.2 *
			Roadian						Murgabian		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian						Kubergandian		273.01
								Mangapirian	Kubergandian		276
									Bolorian		279.8
			Artinskian	Autunian							283.5
								Telfordian			285
								Telfordian	Yakhtashian		286
									Yakhtashian		288.5
			Sakmarian						Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian						Asselian		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian								298.9
			Kasimovian								303.7
			Moscovian								307
			Bashkirian								315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
			Visean				330.9
			Tournaisian				346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
			Pragian				407.6
			Lochkovian				410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli					Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle				Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	Ohesaare	419.2
											Bringewood/Elton	Ohesaare	421.3
											Bringewood/Elton	Kaugetuma	421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				Coalbrookdale				Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian								Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	Paadla	423.4 *
			Gorstian										425.6
			Gorstian								Buildwas		426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian								Buildwas	Rootsikula	427.4
							Wych				Woolhope	Rootsikula	428.4 *
												Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian									Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian									Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian									Jaani	433.4
												Adavere	434 *
													436.3 *
			Aeronian										438.5
							Cowleigh Park						439.3 *
												Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian									Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian									Juuru	441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian										443.8
			Katian										445.2
			Sandbian										453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian										467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian										470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian										477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										485.4
			Jiangshanian										489.5
			Paibian										494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Series 3 †	497
			Drumian											500.5
Wuliuan			Stage 5 †							504.5
Series 2		Stage 4											509
Series 2		Stage 3											514
Terreneuvian		Stage 2											521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian											529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran													Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran													Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																		635