PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian of England		Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Ordovician of North America						Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Ordovician of the Baltic				Cambrian of Britain	Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Nihewanian																	0.0117
		Chibanian																				0.129
		Calabrian																				0.774
		Gelasian																				1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Yushean							Tertiary †										2.58
		Zanclean			Yushean																	3.6
		Zanclean			Baodean																	4.9
	Miocene	Messinian																				5.333
		Tortonian																				7.246
		Tortonian			Tunggurian																	11.1
		Serravallian			Tunggurian																	11.63
		Langhian			Shanwangian																	13.82
		Burdigalian			Shanwangian																	15.98
		Burdigalian			Xiejiaan																	16.9
		Aquitanian			Xiejiaan																	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																				23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian																				27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																				33.9
		Bartonian																				37.71
		Lutetian																				41.2
		Ypresian																				47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian																				56
		Selandian																				59.2
		Danian																				61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian																		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian																		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian																		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian																		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian																		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																		Late Albian		100.5
																				Middle Albian		106.2 *
																				Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian																		Late Aptian		113
		Aptian																		Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian																		Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian																		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian																		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian																		Late Berriasian		139.8
																				Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
																				Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian																		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian																		Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian																		Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian																		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian																			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian																		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian																		Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian																		Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian																		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																		Late Toarcian		174.7
																				Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
																				Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian																		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian																		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian																		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																				201.4
		Norian																		Sevatian		208.5
																				Alaunian		213.2 *
																				Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian																		Tuvalian		227
		Carnian																		Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Longobardian	237
		Ladinian	Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian	Illyrian	242
			Pelsonian	243.8 *
			Bithynian	244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian			273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
		Asselian			Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			Kuzel	298.9
					Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
						Stephanian B	300.9 *
						Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian				Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian				Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian				Cantabrian	307
					Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
						Westphalian C	309.8
						Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian				Westphalian B	315.2
						Westphalian A	317 *
					Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
						Marsdenian	320.2 *
						Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
						Alportian	322 *
						Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				Chokierian	323.2
						Arnsbergian	324 *
						Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean			Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
					Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
					Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
		Tournaisian			Ivorian		346.7
		Tournaisian			Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Late Famennian			358.9
					Middle Famennian			365.3 *
					Early Famennian			368.5 *
		Frasnian			Late Frasnian			372.2
					Middle Frasnian			375.4 *
					Early Frasnian			379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Late Givetian			382.7
					Middle Givetian			383.7 *
					Early Givetian			385.9 *
		Eifelian			Late Eifelian			387.7
		Eifelian			Early Eifelian			390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Late Emsian			393.3
		Emsian			Early Emsian			398.3 *
		Pragian			Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			Late Lochkovian			410.8
					Middle Lochkovian			412.8 *
					Early Lochkovian			415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle			Whitcliffe/Leintwardine		Ohesaare	419.2
								Bringewood/Elton		Ohesaare	421.3
								Bringewood/Elton		Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Coalbrookdale			Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian						Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian									425.6
		Gorstian						Buildwas			426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian						Buildwas		Rootsikula	427.4
					Wych			Woolhope		Rootsikula	428.4 *
										Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian								Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian								Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4							Jaani
			Adavere							434 *
								436.3 *
		Aeronian						438.5
					Cowleigh Park			439.3 *
			Raikkula					439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula					440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru					441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian			Cincinnatian			Gamachian		Harju	Porkuni		443.8
		Katian						Gamachian			Pirgu		445.2
								Richmondian			Pirgu		446 *
								Richmondian			Vormsi		449.6 *
								Maysvillian			Vormsi		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
								Maysvillian			Nabala			Johvi †	450 *
								Edenian			Nabala				450.4 *
								Edenian		Viru	Rakvere				450.6 *
					Mohawkian			Chatfieldian			Rakvere				451.1 *
											Oandu				452 *
		Sandbian									Keila			Idavere †	453
								Turinian			Keila				453.7 *
											Haljala				453.9
											Kukruse				456.4 *
					Whiterockian						Kukruse		Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
											Uhaku			Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									Uhaku					458.4
											Lasnamagi					458.9 *
											Aseri					460.4 *
										Oeland	Kunda					462.9 *
											Kunda			Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
											Volkhov					Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian															467.3
								Rangerian									469.1 *
								Rangerian			Billingen						469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †							Cassinian †		470
														Latorp †			470.1 *
							Hunneberg				473.7 *
						Tulean					473.9 *
		Tremadocian				Tulean					477.7
						Stairsian					480.3 *
						Stairsian	Varangu				481.3 *
						Skullrockian	Varangu				Demingian †				482 *
							Pakerort				Demingian †				482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Pakerort								Merioneth		Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
																		486.3 *
																		486.5
																		487.5
																	Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian															Festiniogian	489.5
		Jiangshanian															Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian															Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian													Series 3 †		St Davids		497
		Drumian																	500.5
		Wuliuan							Stage 5 †										504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4															Caerfai		509
	Series 2	Stage 3																	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2																	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian																	529
																						538.8