PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian of England		European Faunal Zones	Ordovician of Britain			Cambrian of China		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Devonian of Germany
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan									Wanganui	Haweran			0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Chibanian													0.129
		Chibanian										Castlecliffian			0.34
		Calabrian										Castlecliffian			0.774
		Calabrian										Nukumaruan			1.63
		Gelasian			MN 17							Nukumaruan			1.8
		Gelasian			MN 17							Mangapanian			2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			MN 16							Mangapanian			2.58
					MN 16							Waipipian			3
					MN 15										3.2
		Zanclean													3.6
												Opoitian			3.7
					MN 14										4.2
					MN 13										4.9
	Miocene	Messinian									Taranaki	Kapitean			5.333
		Messinian										Tongaporutuan			7.2
		Tortonian			MN 12										7.246
					MN 11										7.75
					MN 10										8.7
					MN 9										9.7
					MN 9						Southland	Waiauan			11.04
					MN 7 + 8										11.1
		Serravallian			MN 7 + 8										11.63
					MN 6										12.8 *
					MN 6							Lillburnian			13.05
		Langhian			MN 5							Lillburnian			13.82
												Clifdenian			15.1
											Pareora	Altonian			15.9
		Burdigalian			MN 4										15.98
					MN 3										16.9
					MN 3							Otaian			18.7
					MN 2										20
		Aquitanian													20.44
											Landon	Waitakian			21.7
					MN 1										22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
												Duntroonian			25.2
												Whaingaroan			27.3
		Rupelian													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian													33.9
											Arnold	Runangan			34.6
												Kaiatan			36.7
		Bartonian										Kaiatan			37.71
		Bartonian										Bortonian			39.1
		Lutetian										Bortonian			41.2
											Dannevirke	Porangan			42.6
												Heretaungan			45.7
		Ypresian										Heretaungan			47.8
												Mangaorapan			48.9
												Waipawan			52
	Paleocene	Thanetian										Teurian			56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian									Mata	Haumurian			66
		Campanian										Haumurian			72.1
		Santonian										Piripauan			83.6
		Santonian									Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
												Mangaotanean			90.5
												Arowhanan			93.7
		Cenomanian	93.9									Arowhanan
			Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
				Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan		100.5
				Urutawan		103.3
			Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian		Korangan		113
		Aptian				117.5
		Barremian				121.4
		Hauterivian				125.77
		Valanginian				132.6
		Berriasian				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
		Kimmeridgian				149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian				165.3
		Bajocian				168.2
		Aalenian				170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
		Pliensbachian				184.2
		Sinemurian				192.9
		Hettangian				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian				273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Emsian	393.3
		Pragian			Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian					425.6
		Gorstian				Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian				Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian			Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Telychian					436.3 *
		Aeronian					438.5
		Aeronian			Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian			Cowleigh Park		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Ashgill	Hirnantian	Kosovian	443.8
		Katian						Rawtheyan	Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
								Cautleyan			448.9 *
								Pusgillian			449.3 *
							Caradoc	Streffordian			Onnian †	449.6 *
				Berounian				Streffordian	449.7 *
								Cheneyan	451.5 *
								Burrellian	452.7 *
		Sandbian							453
									Actonian †		453.2 *
			Marshbrookian †						Woolstonian †		454.2 *
			Longvillian †								455.2 *
											Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
								Aurelucian					456.8 *
			Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian										457.4 *
			Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian							Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn				Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn						458.4
				Dobrotivian									458.5 *
				Oretanian									459.7 *
							Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn						461.3 *
										Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian								Klabava †			467.3
				Arenigian									468
			Arenig				Fennian						468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Fennian						470
							Whitlandian						471.1 *
							Moridunian						474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc	Migneintian			Tremadocian						477.7
			Tremadoc	Cressagian									480.8 *
													485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Niuchehean						Taoyuanian †	485.4
		Jiangshanian					Jiangshanian							489.5
		Paibian					Paibian							494
		Paibian					Paibian						Waergangian †/Youshuanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					Guzhangian						Wangcunian †	497
		Drumian					Drumian						Wangcunian †	500.5
		Wuliuan					Wuliuan/Taijangian							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Duyunian							509
	Series 2	Stage 3					Nangaoian							514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Meishucunian							521
		Fortunian					Meishucunian							529
		Fortunian					Jinnigian							530.7
															538.8