PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian of England		European Faunal Units	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cambrian of North America		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Late Pleistocene	0.0117
		Chibanian									Middle Pleistocene	0.129
		Calabrian									Early Pleistocene	0.774
		Gelasian									Early Pleistocene	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Villanyian						Late Pliocene	2.58
		Piacenzian			Ruscinian						Late Pliocene	3.1 *
		Zanclean			Ruscinian						Early Pliocene	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian			Turolian						Late Miocene	5.333
		Tortonian			Turolian							7.246
		Tortonian			Vallesian							8.7
		Serravallian			Astaracian						Middle Miocene	11.63
		Langhian			Astaracian						Middle Miocene	13.82
		Burdigalian			Orleanian						Early Miocene	15.98
		Burdigalian			Agenian							20
		Aquitanian			Agenian							20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Late Oligocene	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian									Early Oligocene	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian									Late Eocene	33.9
		Bartonian									Middle Eocene	37.71
		Lutetian									Middle Eocene	41.2
		Ypresian									Early Eocene	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian									Late Paleocene	56
		Selandian									Middle Paleocene	59.2
		Danian									Early Paleocene	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian										72.1
		Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian										100.5
		Aptian										113
		Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Oteke	Puaroan		145
		Kimmeridgian							Oteke	Puaroan		149.2
									Kawhia	Ohauan		150
										Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian										154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
		Callovian								Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian										168.2
		Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										174.7
		Toarcian							Herangi	Ururoan		176
		Pliensbachian								Ururoan		184.2
		Pliensbachian								Aratauran		188.9
		Sinemurian										192.9
		Hettangian										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
		Norian								Warepan		208.5
										Otamitan		217
										Oretian		221
		Carnian								Oretian		227
		Carnian							Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian								Kaihikuan		237
		Ladinian								Etalian		238
		Anisian								Etalian		242
		Anisian								Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				Vokhmian				Malakovian		247.2
		Olenekian								Nelsonian		249
		Induan	251.2							Nelsonian
		Induan	DUrville	Makarewan			251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		Makarewan			251.902
		Changhsingian		Waiitian			253.2
		Wuchiapingian		Waiitian		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Puruhauan		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	Aparima		Flettian	259.51
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian			Flettian	264.28
		Wordian	Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian			Barettian	266
		Roadian	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Kungurian				Mangapirian	276
		Artinskian				Mangapirian	283.5
						Telfordian	285
							288.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian			298.9
		Kasimovian			303.7
		Moscovian			307
		Bashkirian			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian			323.2
		Visean			330.9
		Tournaisian			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle		Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle		Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Coalbrookdale		Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian						425.6
		Gorstian					Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian					Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian			Wych		Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
		Telychian						436.3 *
		Aeronian						438.5
		Aeronian			Cowleigh Park			439.3 *
		Rhuddanian			Cowleigh Park			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian						477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10							Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian							Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian							Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian							Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian						Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan						Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan						Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4						Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3						Dyeran		514
								Montezuman		514.8 *
								Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian								529
												538.8