PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127314 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Silurian of England		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Silurian Ages of Europe	European Faunal Zones	Silurian of the Baltic
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan			Wanganui	Haweran									0
				Northgrippian													0.0042
				Greenlandian													0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Sheridanian								0.0117
				Chibanian					Sheridanian								0.129
									Cudahyan/Sappan								0.21
								Castlecliffian									0.34
				Calabrian													0.774
									Senecan/Rexroadian								1.4
								Nukumaruan									1.63
				Gelasian				Nukumaruan							MN 17		1.8
				Gelasian				Mangapanian							MN 17		2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Mangapanian							MN 16		2.58
								Waipipian							MN 16		3
															MN 15		3.2
				Zanclean													3.6
								Opoitian									3.7
															MN 14		4.2
									Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian						MN 14		4.7
															MN 13		4.9
			Miocene	Messinian			Taranaki	Kapitean									5.333
				Messinian				Tongaporutuan									7.2
				Tortonian											MN 12		7.246
															MN 11		7.75
															MN 10		8.7
									Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian						MN 10		9.4
															MN 9		9.7
							Southland	Waiauan							MN 9		11.04
															MN 7 + 8		11.1
				Serravallian													11.63
									late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian								12.5
															MN 6		12.8 *
								Lillburnian							MN 6		13.05
				Langhian				Lillburnian							MN 5		13.82
								Clifdenian									15.1
							Pareora	Altonian									15.9
				Burdigalian											MN 4		15.98
									Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						MN 4		16.3
									Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian						MN 3		16.9
									late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian							18.5
								Otaian									18.7
															MN 2		20
				Aquitanian													20.44
							Landon	Waitakian									21.7
															MN 1		22.4
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													23.03
										Monroecreekian							23.1 *
										Geringian							24.7 *
								Duntroonian									25.2
								Whaingaroan									27.3
				Rupelian													27.82
				Rupelian													29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian					Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian								33.9
							Arnold	Runangan									34.6
								Kaiatan									36.7
																	37
				Bartonian													37.71
								Bortonian									39.1
									Late Uintan/Early Uintan								39.7
				Lutetian													41.2
							Dannevirke	Porangan									42.6
								Heretaungan									45.7
									Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								46.2
				Ypresian													47.8
Mangaorapan	48.9
Mangaorapan	Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				50.5
Waipawan	Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean				52
Waipawan					Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	54.9
Paleocene			Thanetian	Teurian	Cf3/Cf2/Cf1	56
			Thanetian		Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	56.2
			Selandian		Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1	59.2
			Selandian		To3/To2/To1	60.9
			Danian		To3/To2/To1	61.6
			Danian		Pu3/Pu2/Pu1	63.8
Mesozoic		Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Mata	Haumurian		66
				Campanian		Haumurian		72.1
				Santonian		Piripauan		83.6
				Santonian	Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
				Coniacian				86.3
				Turonian				89.8
						Mangaotanean		90.5
						Arowhanan		93.7
				Cenomanian		Arowhanan		93.9
					Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
						Motuan		99.5
			Early Cretaceous	Albian		Motuan		100.5
						Urutawan		103.3
					Taitai	Korangan		108.4
				Aptian		Korangan		113
				Aptian				117.5
				Barremian				121.4
				Hauterivian				125.77
				Valanginian				132.6
				Berriasian				139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian				145
				Kimmeridgian				149.2
				Oxfordian				154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
				Bathonian				165.3
				Bajocian				168.2
				Aalenian				170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian				174.7
				Pliensbachian				184.2
				Sinemurian				192.9
				Hettangian				199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
				Norian				208.5
				Carnian				227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Paleozoic		Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Melekhovian	251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
				Wordian					264.28
				Wordian				Noginskian	264.9 *
				Roadian					266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
				Kungurian				Pavlovoposadian	276.8 *
				Artinskian				Pavlovoposadian	283.5
				Artinskian				Rusavkinian	287.6 *
				Sakmarian					290.1
				Asselian					293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
				Kasimovian				Dorogomilovian	303.7
								Khamovnikian	304.8
								Krevyakinian	305.8 *
				Moscovian				Myachkovian	307
								Podolskian	308.9 *
								Kashirian	311.4 *
	Vereian							313.8
	Melekessian							314.8
	Melekessian			Bashkirian				315.2
	Cheremshanian							316.9 *
	Prikamian							318.6 *
	Severokeltmian							319.9 *
	Krasnopolyanian							321.2 *
	Voznesenian						321.9 *
	Mississippian		Serpukhovian	Zapaltjubian			323.2
				Protvian			324.4 *
				Steshevian			326.8 *
				Tarusian			329 *
			Visean	Venevian			330.9
				Mikhailovian			331.9 *
				Aleksinian			333.7 *
				Tulian			335.8 *
				Bobrikian			339.9 *
				Radaevkian			343.4 *
			Tournaisian	Kosvian			346.7
				Kizelian			350.7 *
				Cherepetian			351.9 *
				Karakubian			354.4 *
				Upinian		356.3 *
				Malevkian		357.6 *
				Gumerovian		358 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian		393.3
			Pragian		407.6
			Lochkovian		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	Ohesaare	419.2
						Bringewood/Elton	Ohesaare	421.3
						Bringewood/Elton	Kaugetuma	421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	Kuressaare	423
			Ludfordian			Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	Paadla	423.4 *
			Gorstian					425.6
			Gorstian			Buildwas		426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian			Buildwas	Gleedonian	Rootsikula	427.4
					Wych	Woolhope		Rootsikula	428.4 *
								Jaagarahu	429.2 *
							Whitwellian		429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian						430.5
			Sheinwoodian					Jaani	431.8 *
Llandovery		Telychian	433.4					Jaani
			Adavere					434 *
								436.3 *
		Aeronian						438.5
					Cowleigh Park			439.3 *
			Raikkula					439.4 *
		Rhuddanian	Raikkula					440.8
		Rhuddanian	Juuru					441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian							Rawtheyan	445.2
									Cautleyan	448.9 *
									Pusgillian	449.3 *
								Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
									Cheneyan		451.5 *
									Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian									453
										Actonian †	453.2 *
										Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
										Longvillian †		455.2 *
									Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
									Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian							Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian							Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
		Dapingian						Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Fennian			470
									Whitlandian			471.1 *
									Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian						Tremadoc	Migneintian			477.7
								Tremadoc	Cressagian			480.8 *
												485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10										Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10											Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian											Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian											Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian											Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian										Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian										Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan										Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan										Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4										Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3										Dyeran		514
												Montezuman		514.8 *
				Begadean								519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian										529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian †	Poundian †		538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian †	Wonokan †		571.7 *
																	635