PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126764 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian of England		Cenozoic Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Central Paratethys Stages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan				Saintaugustinean			0
		Meghalayan				Santarosean			0.0004
		Northgrippian							0.0042
		Greenlandian							0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene		Nihewanian		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene			Late Pleistocene	Rancholabrean			0.014
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene	Rancholabrean			0.129
		Chibanian			Middle Pleistocene	Irvingtonian			0.21
		Calabrian			Early Pleistocene	Irvingtonian			0.774
		Calabrian				Blancan			1.4
		Gelasian							1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Late Pliocene		Yushean		2.58
		Zanclean			Early Pliocene				3.6
						Hemphillian			4.7
							Baodean		4.9
	Miocene	Messinian			Late Miocene				5.333
		Tortonian						Pannonian	7.246
						Clarendonian			9.4
							Tunggurian		11.1
		Serravallian			Middle Miocene			Sarmatian	11.63
						Barstovian		Sarmatian	12.5
								Badenian	12.8 *
		Langhian					Shanwangian		13.82
		Burdigalian			Early Miocene				15.98
						Hemingfordian			16.3
						Hemingfordian	Xiejiaan		16.9
						Arikareean			18.5
		Aquitanian							20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian			Late Oligocene				23.03
		Rupelian			Early Oligocene				27.82
						Whitneyan			29.5
						Orellan			31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian			Late Eocene	Chadronian			33.9
		Priabonian			Late Eocene	Duchesnean			37
		Bartonian			Middle Eocene	Duchesnean			37.71
		Bartonian				Uintan			39.7
		Lutetian				Uintan			41.2
		Lutetian				Bridgerian			46.2
		Ypresian			Early Eocene	Bridgerian			47.8
						Wasatchian			50.5
						Clarkforkian			54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian			Late Paleocene	Clarkforkian			56
		Thanetian			Late Paleocene	Tiffanian			56.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene	Tiffanian			59.2
		Selandian			Middle Paleocene	Torrejonian			60.9
		Danian			Early Paleocene	Torrejonian			61.6
		Danian			Early Paleocene	Puercan			63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							66
		Campanian							72.1
		Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							100.5
		Aptian							113
		Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							145
		Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Oxfordian							154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian	168.2
		Aalenian	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	174.7
		Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
		Norian	208.5
		Carnian	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
		Artinskian	283.5
		Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	293.52
		Asselian	Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Kuzel	298.9
			Stephanian	Stephanian C				300.3 *
				Stephanian B				300.9 *
				Stephanian A				301.4 *
		Kasimovian		Stephanian A				303.7
		Kasimovian		Cantabrian			305 *
		Moscovian		Cantabrian			307
			Westphalian	Westphalian D			307.4 *
				Westphalian C			309.8
				Westphalian B			314.6
		Bashkirian		Westphalian B			315.2
				Westphalian A			317 *
			Namurian	Yeadonian			318.8 *
				Marsdenian			320.2 *
				Kinderscoutian			321.5 *
				Alportian			322 *
				Chokierian			323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chokierian			323.2
				Arnsbergian			324 *
				Pendleian			327.4 *
		Visean	Warnantian	Brigantian †			330.9
			Livian	Asbian †			336.3 *
			Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian			340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Ivorian				346.7
		Tournaisian	Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			393.3
		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian					425.6
		Gorstian				Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian				Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian			Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Telychian					436.3 *
		Aeronian					438.5
		Aeronian			Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian			Cowleigh Park		440.8
									443.8