PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian of England		Cambrian of Britain		Ordovician of China		Ten Million Year Bins	Carboniferous of China	Silurian Ages of Europe	Devonian of Eastern North America		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cambrian of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Cenozoic 6								0
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
		Chibanian															0.129
		Calabrian															0.774
		Gelasian															1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean															3.6
	Miocene	Messinian															5.333
		Tortonian															7.246
		Serravallian							Cenozoic 5								11.63
		Langhian															13.82
		Burdigalian															15.98
		Aquitanian															20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian							Cenozoic 4					Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian		23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian							Cenozoic 4					Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian							Cenozoic 3					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian			33.9
		Bartonian							Cenozoic 3					Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan			37.71
		Lutetian							Cenozoic 2								41.2
		Ypresian							Cenozoic 2						Bumbanian		47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian							Cenozoic 1					Gashatan			56
		Selandian															59.2
		Danian															61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Cretaceous 8								66
		Campanian							Cretaceous 7								72.1
		Santonian							Cretaceous 6								83.6
		Coniacian															86.3
		Turonian															89.8
		Cenomanian							Cretaceous 5								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Cretaceous 4								100.5
		Aptian							Cretaceous 3								113
		Barremian							Cretaceous 2								121.4
		Hauterivian							Cretaceous 2								125.77
		Valanginian							Cretaceous 1								132.6
		Berriasian							Cretaceous 1								139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Jurassic 6								145
		Kimmeridgian							Jurassic 5								149.2
		Oxfordian															154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
		Bathonian							Jurassic 4								165.3
		Bajocian							Jurassic 4								168.2
		Aalenian							Jurassic 3								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							Jurassic 3								174.7
		Pliensbachian							Jurassic 2								184.2
		Sinemurian							Jurassic 1								192.9
		Hettangian							Jurassic 1								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian							Triassic 4								201.4
		Norian							Triassic 4								208.5
		Carnian							Triassic 3								227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian							Triassic 2								237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian							Triassic 2								242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian							Triassic 1								247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan							Triassic 1								251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian							Permian 4								251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian															254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian															259.51
		Wordian															264.28
		Roadian							Permian 3								266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian							Permian 2								273.01
		Artinskian															283.5
		Sakmarian															290.1
		Asselian							Permian 1								293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian							Carboniferous 5								298.9
		Gzhelian	Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian	Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian	Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian		Carboniferous 4	307
		Bashkirian			315.2
			Huashibanian		318.5 *
			Lousuan		321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3	Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3	Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2	Shangsian	330.9
		Visean	Carboniferous 2	Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5		Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4		West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3		Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3		Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2		Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1				407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle			Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	Silurian 2	419.2
	Pridoli		Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle			Bringewood/Elton		421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	Coalbrookdale			Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		423
		Gorstian						425.6
		Gorstian				Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian				Buildwas		Gleedonian	427.4
			Wych			Woolhope		Gleedonian	428.4 *
								Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					Silurian 1		433.4
		Telychian							436.3 *
		Aeronian							438.5
		Aeronian	Cowleigh Park						439.3 *
		Rhuddanian	Cowleigh Park						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Hirnantian		Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian					Chientangkiangian			Wufeng †		445.2
		Katian					Neichianshanian/Hanjiang					449.5
		Sandbian					Neichianshanian/Hanjiang				Ordovician 4	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian					Darriwilian		Guniu †/Hulo		Ordovician 3	458.4
		Darriwilian					Darriwilian		Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	Ordovician 3	466.3 *
		Dapingian					Dapingian				Ordovician 2	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Yiyangian				Ordovician 2	470
		Tremadocian					Xinchangian				Ordovician 1	477.7
		Tremadocian					Xinchangian			Lianghekou †	Ordovician 1	477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10					Merioneth		Dolgellian/Trempealeauan				Cambrian 5	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
									Dolgellian/Trempealeauan						Sunwaptan	487.5
									Festiniogian							489.2 *
		Jiangshanian														489.5
															Steptoean	493 *
									Maentwrogian							493.1 *
		Paibian							Maentwrogian							494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian					St Davids						Cambrian 4	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian											Cambrian 4	Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan											Cambrian 3	Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan												Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Caerfai							Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4												Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3											Cambrian 2	Dyeran		514
														Montezuman		514.8 *
														Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2														521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian											Cambrian 1			529
																	538.8