PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian of England		Cambrian of West Avalonia	Silurian of North America			Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian Epochs	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Ordovician of China
Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Tarantian				0.0117
		Chibanian										Ionian				0.129
		Calabrian														0.774
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean														3.6
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Serravallian														11.63
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian														23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian														27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian														33.9
		Bartonian														37.71
		Lutetian														41.2
		Ypresian														47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian														56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian							66
		Campanian							Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian							72.1
		Santonian							Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian							Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian							Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Late Albian							100.5
									Middle Albian							106.2 *
									Early Albian							109.9 *
		Aptian							Late Aptian							113
		Aptian							Early Aptian							119.5 *
		Barremian							Late Barremian/Early Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian							Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian							Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian							Late Berriasian							139.8
									Middle Berriasian							140.6 *
									Early Berriasian							142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						145
		Tithonian							Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian							Late Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Kimmeridgian							Early Kimmeridgian							152.2 *
		Oxfordian							Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						154.8
		Oxfordian								Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian							Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian							Late Bajocian							168.2
		Bajocian							Early Bajocian							168.6 *
		Aalenian							Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							Late Toarcian							174.7
									Middle Toarcian							180.4 *
									Early Toarcian							182.9 *
		Pliensbachian							Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian							184.2
		Sinemurian							Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian							192.9
		Hettangian							Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
		Norian							Sevatian							208.5
									Alaunian							213.2 *
									Lacian							216.7 *
		Carnian							Tuvalian							227
		Carnian							Julian							233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian							Longobardian							237
		Ladinian							Fassanian							239.7 *
		Anisian							Illyrian							242
			Pelsonian	243.8 *
			Bithynian	244.7 *
			Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian	Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan	Dienerian	251.2
		Induan	Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
		Wordian		264.28
		Roadian		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		273.01
		Artinskian		283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian		298.9
		Kasimovian		303.7
		Moscovian		307
		Bashkirian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian		323.2
		Visean		330.9
		Tournaisian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian		Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian		West Fallsian/Sonyean	Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian		Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian		Southwoodian	Cazenovian	Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian		Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	Emsian	393.3
		Pragian				Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian				Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	Cayugan	419.2
						Bringewood/Elton	Cayugan	421.3
						Bringewood/Elton	Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		423
		Gorstian						425.6
		Gorstian				Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian				Buildwas		Lockportian	427.4
		Homerian			Wych	Woolhope		Lockportian	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian						Ontarian	433.4
		Telychian							436.3 *
		Aeronian							438.5
									Alexandrian		438.7 *
					Cowleigh Park						439.3 *
							Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
										440.7 *
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian								Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian								Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian								Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
		Sandbian								Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian								Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
		Darriwilian								Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian								Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian								Yiyangian			470
		Tremadocian								Xinchangian			477.7
		Tremadocian								Xinchangian		Lianghekou †	477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10								Late Cambrian				485.4
		Jiangshanian												489.5
		Paibian												494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Middle Cambrian				497
		Guzhangian												Arcadian	498.4
		Drumian													500.5
		Wuliuan													504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Branchian				Early Cambrian	509
		Stage 3								Branchian					514
		Stage 3								Placentian					517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2													521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian													529
																538.8