PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian of England		Cambrian of West Avalonia	Silurian of the Baltic	Cambrian of Kazakhstan		Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous Subepochs	Devonian of Czechoslovakia	Carboniferous of China	Cambrian of Siberia
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian							66
		Campanian							Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian							72.1
		Santonian							Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian							83.6
		Coniacian							Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian							86.3
		Turonian							Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian							89.8
		Cenomanian							Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian							Late Albian							100.5
									Middle Albian							106.2 *
									Early Albian							109.9 *
		Aptian							Late Aptian							113
		Aptian							Early Aptian							119.5 *
		Barremian							Late Barremian/Early Barremian							121.4
		Hauterivian							Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian							125.77
		Valanginian							Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian							132.6
		Berriasian							Late Berriasian							139.8
									Middle Berriasian							140.6 *
									Early Berriasian							142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian							Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						145
		Tithonian							Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian						146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian							Late Kimmeridgian							149.2
		Kimmeridgian							Early Kimmeridgian							152.2 *
		Oxfordian							Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						154.8
		Oxfordian								Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian						157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian							Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian							161.5
		Bathonian							Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian							165.3
		Bajocian							Late Bajocian							168.2
		Bajocian							Early Bajocian							168.6 *
		Aalenian							Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian							Late Toarcian							174.7
									Middle Toarcian							180.4 *
									Early Toarcian							182.9 *
		Pliensbachian							Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian							184.2
		Sinemurian							Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian							192.9
		Hettangian							Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian														201.4
		Norian							Sevatian							208.5
									Alaunian							213.2 *
									Lacian							216.7 *
		Carnian							Tuvalian							227
		Carnian							Julian							233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian							Longobardian							237
		Ladinian							Fassanian							239.7 *
		Anisian							Illyrian							242
									Pelsonian							243.8 *
									Bithynian							244.7 *
									Aegean							245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian							Spathian							247.2
		Olenekian							Smithian							248.9 *
		Induan							Dienerian							251.2
		Induan							Griesbachian							251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian														251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian														254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian														259.51
		Wordian														264.28
		Roadian														266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian														273.01
		Artinskian														283.5
		Sakmarian														290.1
		Asselian														293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian									Late Pennsylvanian					298.9
		Gzhelian											Xiaodushanian			300 *
		Kasimovian											Xiaodushanian			303.7
		Kasimovian											Dalaun			305.8 *
		Moscovian									Middle Pennsylvanian					307
		Bashkirian	Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
				Huashibanian	318.5 *
				Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian	Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian	Late Mississippian	Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean	Middle Mississippian	Shangsian	330.9
		Visean	Middle Mississippian	Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian	Early Mississippian	Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Srbsko	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Chotec	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
		Pragian			Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian			Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	Ohesaare	419.2
						Bringewood/Elton	Ohesaare	421.3
						Bringewood/Elton	Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian				Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian						425.6
		Gorstian				Buildwas		426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian				Buildwas	Rootsikula	427.4
					Wych	Woolhope	Rootsikula	428.4 *
							Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian					Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian					Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian					Jaani	433.4
							Adavere	434 *
								436.3 *
		Aeronian						438.5
					Cowleigh Park			439.3 *
							Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian					Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian					Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						443.8
		Katian						445.2
		Sandbian						453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian						467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian						470
		Tremadocian						Ungurian		477.7
		Tremadocian						Ungurian		Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10						Batyrbaian		Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian						Batyrbaian		Jiangshanian		Batyrbaian			489.5
								Aksaian				Aksaian			490.7 *
								Sakian				Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian								Paibian					494
														Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
											Waergangian †/Youshuanian			Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian						Ayusokkanian	Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	Ayusokkanian			497
								Ayusokkanian			Ayusokkanian			Arcadian	498.4
											Mayan/Menevian				499.5
		Drumian						Zhanaarykian	Drumian						500.5
		Drumian						Tuesaian	Drumian						503
		Wuliuan						Tuesaian	Wuliuan/Taijangian		Amgan/Solvan				504.5
		Wuliuan							Wuliuan/Taijangian						505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4							Branchian					Duyunian	509
								Toyonian			Toyonian	Lenian †			510 *
								Botomian			Botomian				512.5 *
		Stage 3						Botomian			Botomian			Nangaoian	514
								Atdabanian			Atdabanian				515.6 *
								Atdabanian	Placentian		Atdabanian				517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						Tommotian			Meishucunian			Tommotian	521
		Stage 2												Nemakit-Daldynian	525.5
		Fortunian										Manykaian †			529
		Fortunian									Jinnigian	Manykaian †			530.7
																538.8