PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian of England		Ordovician of North America					Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian Epochs	Cambrian of Australia	Permian Subages of Germany	Carboniferous of China	Carboniferous Subepochs	Cretaceous Subepochs
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian								Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian							Senonian	66
		Campanian								Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian								72.1
		Santonian								Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian								83.6
		Coniacian								Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian								Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian								Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian								93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian								Late Albian							Gallic	100.5
										Middle Albian								106.2 *
										Early Albian								109.9 *
		Aptian								Late Aptian								113
		Aptian								Early Aptian								119.5 *
		Barremian								Late Barremian/Early Barremian								121.4
		Hauterivian								Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian							Neocomian	125.77
		Valanginian								Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian								132.6
		Berriasian								Late Berriasian								139.8
										Middle Berriasian								140.6 *
										Early Berriasian								142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian								Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							145
		Tithonian								Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian							146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian								Late Kimmeridgian								149.2
		Kimmeridgian								Early Kimmeridgian								152.2 *
		Oxfordian								Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							154.8
		Oxfordian									Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian							157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian								Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian								165.3
		Bajocian								Late Bajocian								168.2
		Bajocian								Early Bajocian								168.6 *
		Aalenian								Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								Late Toarcian								174.7
										Middle Toarcian								180.4 *
										Early Toarcian								182.9 *
		Pliensbachian								Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian								184.2
		Sinemurian								Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian								192.9
		Hettangian								Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																201.4
		Norian								Sevatian								208.5
										Alaunian								213.2 *
										Lacian								216.7 *
		Carnian								Tuvalian								227
		Carnian								Julian								233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian								Longobardian								237
		Ladinian								Fassanian								239.7 *
		Anisian								Illyrian								242
										Pelsonian								243.8 *
										Bithynian								244.7 *
										Aegean								245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian								Spathian								247.2
		Olenekian								Smithian								248.9 *
		Induan								Dienerian								251.2
		Induan								Griesbachian								251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian												Buntsandstein				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian												Buntsandstein				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian												Ohre/Aller				259.51
		Wordian												Leine				264.28
		Roadian																266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian																273.01
		Artinskian																283.5
		Sakmarian																290.1
		Asselian																293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian														Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
		Gzhelian													Xiaodushanian			300 *
		Kasimovian													Xiaodushanian			303.7
		Kasimovian													Dalaun			305.8 *
		Moscovian														Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian	Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
				Huashibanian	318.5 *
				Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Dewunian	Late Mississippian	323.2
		Serpukhovian	Shangsian	Late Mississippian	330.8 *
		Visean	Shangsian	Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Visean	Jiusian	Middle Mississippian	335 *
		Tournaisian	Tangbagouan	Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian			Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian			Emsian	393.3
		Pragian			Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian			Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian					425.6
		Gorstian				Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian				Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian			Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian					433.4
		Telychian					436.3 *
		Aeronian					438.5
		Aeronian			Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian			Cowleigh Park		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
		Katian						Gamachian	445.2
								Richmondian	446 *
								Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian		449.8 *
								Edenian			450.4 *
							Mohawkian	Chatfieldian			451.1 *
		Sandbian						Chatfieldian			453
								Turinian			453.7 *
							Whiterockian		Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian										458.4
		Dapingian										467.3
		Dapingian						Rangerian				469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Ibexian	Blackhillsian			Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian						Tulean					473.9 *
		Tremadocian						Tulean					477.7
								Stairsian					480.3 *
								Skullrockian				Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10											Late Cambrian		Datsonian	485.4
															Payntonian	486.8 *
															Payntonian	487.5
		Jiangshanian													Iverian	489.5
		Paibian													Idamean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian								Middle Cambrian			Mindyallan		497
		Guzhangian											Boomerangian		499
		Drumian											Undillan		500.5
		Drumian											Floran		503
		Wuliuan											Templetonian	504.5
		Wuliuan											Ordian	507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4								Early Cambrian			Ordian	509
		Stage 4												510.8 *
		Stage 3												514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian												529
																		538.8