PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Silurian of England		Ordovician of China		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	South American Land Mammal Ages		Devonian of Eastern North America		Precambrian of Russia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Lujanian					0.0117
				Chibanian						Lujanian					0.129
				Chibanian						Ensenadan					0.3 *
				Calabrian						Ensenadan					0.774
				Calabrian						Sanandresian	Uquian †				1.7 *
				Gelasian						Sanandresian					1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Vorohuean					2.58
				Piacenzian						Chapadmalalan					2.9 *
				Zanclean						Chapadmalalan					3.6
										Montehermosan					3.7 *
										Huayquerian					4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian											5.333
				Tortonian											7.246
										Chasicoan					7.9 *
										Mayoan					9.9 *
										Laventan					10.9 *
				Serravallian						Laventan					11.63
				Serravallian						Colloncuran					13.7 *
				Langhian						Colloncuran					13.82
				Langhian						Friasian					15.4 *
				Burdigalian						Friasian					15.98
										Santacrucian					16.2 *
										Colhuehuapian					17.4 *
				Aquitanian						Colhuehuapian					20.44
				Aquitanian						Deseadan					20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
				Rupelian											27.82
				Rupelian						Tinguirirican					28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian						Tinguirirican					33.9
				Priabonian						Divisaderan					35.9 *
				Bartonian											37.71
				Lutetian											41.2
				Lutetian						Mustersan					41.9 *
				Ypresian						Mustersan					47.8
				Ypresian						Casamayoran					47.9 *
			Paleocene	Thanetian						Riochican					56
										Itaboraian					56.9 *
										Peligran					58.9 *
				Selandian											59.2
				Danian											61.6
				Danian						Tiupampan					62.4 *
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian					Lancian/Edmontonian						66
				Campanian					Judithian/Aquilan						72.1
				Santonian											83.6
				Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian											89.8
				Cenomanian											93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
				Aptian											113
				Barremian											121.4
				Hauterivian											125.77
				Valanginian											132.6
				Berriasian											139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
				Kimmeridgian											149.2
				Oxfordian											154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
				Bathonian											165.3
				Bajocian											168.2
				Aalenian											170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian											174.7
				Pliensbachian											184.2
				Sinemurian											192.9
				Hettangian											199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian	264.28
			Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
			Artinskian	283.5
			Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian	Bursumian †	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Virgilian	298.9
			Kasimovian	Missourian	303.7
			Kasimovian	Desmoinesian	305.9 *
			Moscovian	Desmoinesian	307
			Moscovian	Atokan	312.7 *
			Bashkirian	Atokan	315.2
			Bashkirian	Morrowan	318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Chesterian	323.2
			Visean	Chesterian	330.9
				Meramecian	335.8 *
				Osagean	343.1 *
			Tournaisian	Osagean	346.7
			Tournaisian	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	West Fallsian/Sonyean		Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Southwoodian		Cazenovian	Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian	Emsian	393.3
			Pragian				Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian				Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine				419.2
		Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton				421.3
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood				423
			Gorstian								425.6
			Gorstian				Buildwas				426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian				Buildwas			427.4
			Homerian			Wych	Woolhope			428.4 *
			Sheinwoodian						430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian						433.4
			Telychian						436.3 *
			Aeronian						438.5
			Aeronian			Cowleigh Park			439.3 *
			Rhuddanian			Cowleigh Park			440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian						Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
			Katian						Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †	445.2
			Katian						Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
			Sandbian						Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
			Darriwilian						Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
			Dapingian						Dapingian			467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian						Yiyangian			470
			Tremadocian						Xinchangian			477.7
			Tremadocian						Xinchangian		Lianghekou †	477.9 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10									485.4
			Jiangshanian									489.5
			Paibian									494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian									497
			Drumian									500.5
			Wuliuan									504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4									509
		Series 2	Stage 3									514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian									529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian												635
		Tonian												720
		Tonian											Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian											Karatau	1000
		Stenian											Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian											Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian											Burzyan	1375
															1400