PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Silurian of England		Silurian of North America			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cenozoic Subepochs	Ammonite Chrons of North America		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		North American Land Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan														Saintaugustinean		0
		Meghalayan														Santarosean		0.0004
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Late Pleistocene						Tarantian	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene									Late Pleistocene					Rancholabrean	Tarantian	0.014
		Chibanian									Middle Pleistocene					Rancholabrean	Ionian	0.129
		Chibanian									Middle Pleistocene					Irvingtonian	Ionian	0.21
		Calabrian									Early Pleistocene					Irvingtonian		0.774
		Calabrian														Blancan		1.4
		Gelasian																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Tertiary †			Late Pliocene							2.58
		Zanclean									Early Pliocene							3.6
		Zanclean									Early Pliocene					Hemphillian		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian									Late Miocene							5.333
		Tortonian																7.246
		Tortonian														Clarendonian		9.4
		Serravallian									Middle Miocene					Clarendonian		11.63
		Serravallian														Barstovian		12.5
		Langhian																13.82
		Burdigalian									Early Miocene							15.98
																Hemingfordian		16.3
																Arikareean		18.5
		Aquitanian																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian									Late Oligocene			Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian			23.03
		Rupelian									Early Oligocene			Kekeamuan				27.82
																Whitneyan		29.5
																Orellan		31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian									Late Eocene			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Chadronian		33.9
		Priabonian									Late Eocene			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Duchesnean		37
		Bartonian									Middle Eocene			Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Duchesnean		37.71
		Bartonian														Uintan		39.7
		Lutetian														Uintan		41.2
		Lutetian														Bridgerian		46.2
		Ypresian									Early Eocene				Bumbanian	Bridgerian		47.8
																Wasatchian		50.5
																Clarkforkian		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian									Late Paleocene			Gashatan		Clarkforkian		56
		Thanetian									Late Paleocene			Gashatan		Tiffanian		56.2
		Selandian									Middle Paleocene					Tiffanian		59.2
		Selandian									Middle Paleocene					Torrejonian		60.9
		Danian									Early Paleocene					Torrejonian		61.6
		Danian									Early Paleocene					Puercan		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian																66
		Campanian																72.1
		Santonian																83.6
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
		Cenomanian																93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																100.5
		Aptian																113
		Barremian																121.4
		Hauterivian																125.77
		Valanginian																132.6
		Berriasian																139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																145
		Kimmeridgian																149.2
		Oxfordian																154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
		Bathonian																165.3
		Bajocian										Epizigzagiceras						168.2
		Bajocian										Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense						168.4
		Aalenian										Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta						174.7
			Planulata	179.3 *
			Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
			Kanense		181.3 *
			Carlottense		182.3 *
			Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Kunae		184.2
			Freboldi		185.1 *
			Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
					Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
			Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian				192.9
			Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras		196.4 *
			Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian				201.4
		Norian				208.5
		Carnian				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
		Kasimovian					303.7
		Moscovian					307
		Bashkirian					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian					323.2
		Visean					330.9
		Tournaisian					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian					393.3
		Pragian					407.6
		Lochkovian					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	Cayugan	Ohesaare	419.2
								Bringewood/Elton		Ohesaare	421.3
										Kaugetuma	421.7 *
									Niagaran	Kaugetuma	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian						Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian									425.6
		Gorstian						Buildwas			426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian						Buildwas		Lockportian	Rootsikula	427.4
							Wych	Woolhope			Rootsikula	428.4 *
											Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian									Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian									Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian								Ontarian	Jaani	433.4
											Adavere	434 *
												436.3 *
		Aeronian										438.5
												Alexandrian	438.7 *
							Cowleigh Park						439.3 *
											Raikkula		439.4 *
									Medinan	Clinton			440.1 *
													440.7 *
		Rhuddanian											440.8
		Rhuddanian									Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian										Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian											Rawtheyan	445.2
													Cautleyan	448.9 *
													Pusgillian	449.3 *
												Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
													Cheneyan		451.5 *
													Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian													453
					Actonian †									453.2 *
					Marshbrookian †									Woolstonian †	454.2 *
			Longvillian †	455.2 *
			Longvillian †	Aurelucian	456.8 *
			Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian	Aurelucian									457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn									458.4
		Darriwilian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn									461.3 *
		Dapingian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn									467.3
		Dapingian	Arenig	Fennian									468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Fennian									470
				Whitlandian									471.1 *
				Moridunian		474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc	Migneintian		477.7
			Tremadoc	Cressagian		480.8 *
						485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10				485.4
		Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian				Series 3 †							497
		Drumian											500.5
		Wuliuan											Stage 5 †	504.5
																		509