PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Silurian of England		Silurian of North America			European Faunal Zones	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Carboniferous of China
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan							Wanganui	Haweran			0
				Northgrippian											0.0042
				Greenlandian											0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
				Chibanian											0.129
				Chibanian								Castlecliffian			0.34
				Calabrian								Castlecliffian			0.774
				Calabrian								Nukumaruan			1.63
				Gelasian						MN 17		Nukumaruan			1.8
				Gelasian						MN 17		Mangapanian			2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						MN 16		Mangapanian			2.58
										MN 16		Waipipian			3
										MN 15					3.2
				Zanclean											3.6
												Opoitian			3.7
										MN 14					4.2
										MN 13					4.9
			Miocene	Messinian							Taranaki	Kapitean			5.333
				Messinian								Tongaporutuan			7.2
				Tortonian						MN 12					7.246
										MN 11					7.75
										MN 10					8.7
										MN 9					9.7
										MN 9	Southland	Waiauan			11.04
										MN 7 + 8					11.1
				Serravallian						MN 7 + 8					11.63
										MN 6					12.8 *
										MN 6		Lillburnian			13.05
				Langhian						MN 5		Lillburnian			13.82
												Clifdenian			15.1
											Pareora	Altonian			15.9
				Burdigalian						MN 4					15.98
										MN 3					16.9
										MN 3		Otaian			18.7
										MN 2					20
				Aquitanian											20.44
											Landon	Waitakian			21.7
										MN 1					22.4
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian											23.03
												Duntroonian			25.2
												Whaingaroan			27.3
				Rupelian											27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian											33.9
											Arnold	Runangan			34.6
												Kaiatan			36.7
				Bartonian								Kaiatan			37.71
				Bartonian								Bortonian			39.1
				Lutetian								Bortonian			41.2
											Dannevirke	Porangan			42.6
												Heretaungan			45.7
				Ypresian								Heretaungan			47.8
												Mangaorapan			48.9
												Waipawan			52
			Paleocene	Thanetian								Teurian			56
				Selandian											59.2
				Danian											61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian							Mata	Haumurian			66
				Campanian								Haumurian			72.1
				Santonian								Piripauan			83.6
				Santonian							Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
				Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian											89.8
												Mangaotanean			90.5
												Arowhanan			93.7
Cenomanian				93.9								Arowhanan
				Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
					Motuan	99.5
Early Cretaceous			Albian		Motuan	100.5
					Urutawan	103.3
				Taitai	Korangan	108.4
			Aptian		Korangan	113
			Aptian			117.5
			Barremian			121.4
			Hauterivian			125.77
			Valanginian			132.6
			Berriasian			139.8
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian			145
			Kimmeridgian			149.2
			Oxfordian			154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
			Bathonian			165.3
			Bajocian			168.2
			Aalenian			170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian			174.7
			Pliensbachian			184.2
			Sinemurian			192.9
			Hettangian			199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian			201.4
			Norian			208.5
			Carnian			227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian			237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian			242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian			Vokhmian	247.2
			Induan				251.2
			Induan				Kathwai	251.5 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian				Kathwai	251.902
								252.4 *
							Chhidru	252.9 *
			Wuchiapingian			Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	Chhidru	254.14
							Kalabagh	255 *
							Wargal	256 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		259.51
			Wordian			Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		264.28
								265.3 *
							Amb	266.1 *
			Roadian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	Amb	266.9
			Roadian			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian					273.01
			Artinskian					283.5
			Sakmarian					290.1
			Asselian					Bursumian †	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					Virgilian	298.9
			Gzhelian					Virgilian	Xiaodushanian	300 *
			Kasimovian					Missourian	Xiaodushanian	303.7
								Missourian	Dalaun	305.8 *
								Desmoinesian		305.9 *
			Moscovian					Desmoinesian		307
			Moscovian					Atokan		312.7 *
			Bashkirian					Atokan		315.2
								Morrowan		318.4 *
									Huashibanian	318.5 *
									Lousuan	321.2 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Dewunian	Chesterian	323.2
			Serpukhovian					Shangsian		330.8 *
			Visean					Shangsian		330.9
								Jiusian		335 *
									Meramecian	335.8 *
									Osagean	343.1 *
			Tournaisian					Tangbagouan	Osagean	346.7
			Tournaisian					Tangbagouan	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian							Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian							Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian							Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian							Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian							Emsian	393.3
			Pragian		Siegen					407.6
			Lochkovian		Gedinnine					410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle					Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	Cayugan		419.2
										Bringewood/Elton	Cayugan		421.3
										Bringewood/Elton	Niagaran		422.5 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian	Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood					423
			Gorstian							425.6
			Gorstian		Buildwas					426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian		Buildwas					Lockportian			427.4
			Homerian	Wych	Woolhope					Lockportian			428.4 *
			Sheinwoodian										430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian							Ontarian			433.4
			Telychian										436.3 *
			Aeronian										438.5
													Alexandrian	438.7 *
				Cowleigh Park										439.3 *
										Medinan	Clinton			440.1 *
														440.7 *
			Rhuddanian											440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian											443.8
			Katian											445.2
			Sandbian											453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian											467.3
Early Ordovician		Floian	470
Early Ordovician		Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	485.4
		Jiangshanian	489.5
		Paibian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	497
		Drumian	500.5
		Wuliuan	504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	509
	Series 2	Stage 3	514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran					Vendian							538.8
		Cryogenian												635
		Tonian												720
		Tonian					Karatau							800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian					Karatau							1000
		Stenian					Yurmatian							1100
		Ectasian					Yurmatian							1200
		Ectasian					Burzyan							1375
															1400