PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. O. Woodburne. 1987. A prospectus of the North American Mammal Ages. In: Woodburne, M. O. (ed.), Cenozoic Mammals of North America. University of California Press, Berkelery, CA 285-290 view
J. Alroy. 2000. New methods for quantifying macroevolutionary patterns and processes. Paleobiology 26(4):707-733 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Silurian of England		Devonian of Eastern North America		North American Mammal Subages/Zones			Ordovician of the Baltic				Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cenozoic Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Sheridanian									Late Pleistocene	0.0117
				Chibanian					Sheridanian									Middle Pleistocene	0.129
				Chibanian					Cudahyan/Sappan									Middle Pleistocene	0.21
				Calabrian					Cudahyan/Sappan									Early Pleistocene	0.774
				Calabrian					Senecan/Rexroadian										1.4
				Gelasian															1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														Late Pliocene	2.58
				Zanclean														Early Pliocene	3.6
				Zanclean					Late Hemphillian/late Early Hemphillian/early Early Hemphillian									Early Pliocene	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian														Late Miocene	5.333
				Tortonian															7.246
				Tortonian					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian										9.4
				Serravallian					Late Clarendonian/Early Clarendonian									Middle Miocene	11.63
				Serravallian					late Late Barstovian/early Late Barstovian/Early Barstovian										12.5
				Langhian															13.82
				Burdigalian														Early Miocene	15.98
									Late Hemingfordian/Early Hemingfordian										16.3
									late Late Arikareean/early Late Arikareean/late Early Arikareean/early Early Arikareean	Harrisonian									18.5
				Aquitanian															20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian												Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	Late Oligocene	23.03
										Monroecreekian									23.1 *
										Geringian									24.7 *
				Rupelian						Geringian						Kekeamuan		Early Oligocene	27.82
				Rupelian												Kekeamuan		Early Oligocene	29.5
			Eocene	Priabonian					Late Chadronian/Middle Chadronian/Early Chadronian							Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene	33.9
				Priabonian												Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Late Eocene	37
				Bartonian												Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Middle Eocene	37.71
				Bartonian					Late Uintan/Early Uintan										39.7
				Lutetian					Late Uintan/Early Uintan										41.2
				Lutetian					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian										46.2
				Ypresian					Twinbuttean/Blacksforkian/Gardnerbuttian								Bumbanian	Early Eocene	47.8
									Lostcabinian/Lysitean/Graybullian/Sandcouleean										50.5
											Cf3/Cf2/Cf1								54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian							Cf3/Cf2/Cf1					Gashatan		Late Paleocene	56
				Thanetian							Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1					Gashatan		Late Paleocene	56.2
				Selandian							Ti6/Ti5/Ti4/Ti3/Ti2/Ti1							Middle Paleocene	59.2
				Selandian							To3/To2/To1							Middle Paleocene	60.9
				Danian							To3/To2/To1							Early Paleocene	61.6
				Danian							Pu3/Pu2/Pu1							Early Paleocene	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
				Campanian															72.1
				Santonian															83.6
				Coniacian															86.3
				Turonian															89.8
				Cenomanian															93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
				Aptian															113
				Barremian															121.4
				Hauterivian															125.77
				Valanginian															132.6
				Berriasian															139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
				Kimmeridgian															149.2
				Oxfordian															154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
				Bathonian															165.3
				Bajocian															168.2
				Aalenian															170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
				Pliensbachian															184.2
				Sinemurian															192.9
				Hettangian															199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian															201.4
				Norian															208.5
Carnian				227
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	237
Middle Triassic			Anisian	242
Early Triassic			Olenekian	247.2
Early Triassic			Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian	264.28
			Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	273.01
			Artinskian	283.5
			Sakmarian	290.1
			Asselian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	298.9
			Kasimovian	303.7
			Moscovian	307
			Bashkirian	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	323.2
			Visean	330.9
			Tournaisian	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
			Pragian			407.6
			Lochkovian			410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine		Ohesaare		419.2
						Bringewood/Elton		Ohesaare		421.3
						Bringewood/Elton		Kaugetuma		421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		Kuressaare		423
			Ludfordian			Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		Paadla	423.4 *
			Gorstian						425.6
			Gorstian			Buildwas			426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian			Buildwas		Rootsikula	427.4
					Wych	Woolhope		Rootsikula	428.4 *
								Jaagarahu	429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian					Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian					Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian					Jaani	433.4
								Adavere	434 *
									436.3 *
			Aeronian						438.5
					Cowleigh Park				439.3 *
								Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian					Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian					Juuru	441.4 *
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian					Harju	Porkuni		443.8
			Katian						Pirgu		445.2
									Vormsi		449.6 *
									Nabala		Johvi †	450 *
								Viru	Rakvere			450.6 *
									Oandu			452 *
			Sandbian						Keila		Idavere †	453
									Haljala			453.9
									Kukruse			456.4 *
									Uhaku		Aluoja †	457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian						Uhaku			458.4
									Lasnamagi			458.9 *
									Aseri			460.4 *
								Oeland	Kunda			462.9 *
									Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
									Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian						Volkhov				467.3
			Dapingian						Billingen				469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian										470
											Latorp †		470.1 *
									Hunneberg				473.7 *
Tremadocian			Ungurian						Hunneberg				477.7
									Varangu				481.3 *
									Pakerort				482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Pakerort		Batyrbaian		485.4
													486.3 *
													486.5
		Jiangshanian											489.5
											Aksaian		490.7 *
											Sakian		492.2 *
		Paibian									Sakian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian									Ayusokkanian		497
		Guzhangian											499.5
		Drumian									Zhanaarykian		500.5
		Drumian									Tuesaian		503
		Wuliuan									Tuesaian		504.5
		Wuliuan											505.3
	Series 2	Stage 4											509
											Toyonian		510 *
											Botomian		512.5 *
		Stage 3									Botomian		514
		Stage 3									Atdabanian		515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian							521
		Stage 2									525.5
		Fortunian					529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																			635