PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126929 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Silurian of England		Carboniferous of Western Europe		Cambrian of Siberia			Permian of the Russian Platform		Obsolete Precambrian Ages		North American Land Mammal Ages	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan												Saintaugustinean			0
				Meghalayan												Santarosean			0.0004
				Northgrippian															0.0042
				Greenlandian															0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
				Late Pleistocene												Rancholabrean			0.014
				Chibanian												Rancholabrean			0.129
				Chibanian												Irvingtonian			0.21
				Calabrian												Irvingtonian			0.774
				Calabrian												Blancan			1.4
				Gelasian															1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian															2.58
				Zanclean															3.6
				Zanclean												Hemphillian			4.7
			Miocene	Messinian															5.333
				Tortonian															7.246
				Tortonian												Clarendonian			9.4
				Serravallian												Clarendonian			11.63
				Serravallian												Barstovian			12.5
				Langhian															13.82
				Burdigalian															15.98
																Hemingfordian			16.3
																Arikareean			18.5
				Aquitanian															20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian													Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
				Rupelian													Kekeamuan		27.82
																Whitneyan			29.5
																Orellan			31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian												Chadronian	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
				Priabonian												Duchesnean	Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		37
				Bartonian												Duchesnean	Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
				Bartonian												Uintan			39.7
				Lutetian												Uintan			41.2
				Lutetian												Bridgerian			46.2
				Ypresian												Bridgerian		Bumbanian	47.8
																Wasatchian			50.5
																Clarkforkian			54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian												Clarkforkian	Gashatan		56
				Thanetian												Tiffanian	Gashatan		56.2
				Selandian												Tiffanian			59.2
				Selandian												Torrejonian			60.9
				Danian												Torrejonian			61.6
				Danian												Puercan			63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian															66
				Campanian															72.1
				Santonian															83.6
				Coniacian															86.3
				Turonian															89.8
				Cenomanian															93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian															100.5
				Aptian															113
				Barremian															121.4
				Hauterivian															125.77
				Valanginian															132.6
				Berriasian															139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian															145
				Kimmeridgian															149.2
				Oxfordian															154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian															161.5
				Bathonian															165.3
				Bajocian															168.2
				Aalenian															170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian															174.7
				Pliensbachian															184.2
Sinemurian				192.9
Hettangian				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	201.4
			Norian	208.5
			Carnian	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Meishanian	251.902
			Changhsingian	Baoqingian	253.4 *
			Wuchiapingian	Laoshanian	254.14
				Laoshanian	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
				Laibinian		Vyatkian	257.7 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian	Severodvinian		Lengwuan	259.51
			Wordian	Urzhumian		Kuhfengian	264.28
			Roadian	Kazanian	Povolzhian		266.9
			Roadian	Kazanian	Sokian		270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	Luodianian	273.01
					Filipovian		276.5 *
					Saraninian		280.1 *
			Artinskian	Artinskian	Sarginian		283.5
					Sarginian	Longlinian	285.4 *
					Irginian		285.9 *
					Burtsevian		287.8 *
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian		290.1
			Sakmarian	Sakmarian	Tastubian		291.7 *
			Asselian	Asselian	Shikhanian	Zisongian	293.52
					Uskalykian		294.8
					Surenian		297.5
					Surenian		Kuzel	297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian					298.9
								300.1
							Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
								Stephanian B	300.9 *
								Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian					Stephanian A	303.7
			Kasimovian					Cantabrian	305 *
			Moscovian					Cantabrian	307
							Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
								Westphalian C	309.8
								Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian					Westphalian B	315.2
								Westphalian A	317 *
							Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian					Chokierian	323.2
								Arnsbergian	324 *
								Pendleian	327.4 *
			Visean				Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
							Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
							Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
			Tournaisian				Ivorian		346.7
			Tournaisian				Hastarian		353.7 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian						358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian						372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
			Pragian						407.6
			Lochkovian						410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli							Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
		Pridoli							Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
			Gorstian								425.6
			Gorstian							Buildwas	426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian							Buildwas	427.4
			Homerian						Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
			Sheinwoodian								430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian								433.4
			Telychian							436.3 *
			Aeronian							438.5
			Aeronian						Cowleigh Park	439.3 *
			Rhuddanian						Cowleigh Park	440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian							Kosovian	443.8
			Katian							Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
			Katian							Berounian		449.7 *
			Sandbian									453
												Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
											Liben †			458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian											458.4
										Dobrotivian				458.5 *
										Oretanian				459.7 *
											Sarka †			461.7 *
			Dapingian								Klabava †			467.3
			Dapingian							Arenigian				468
		Early Ordovician	Floian							Arenigian				470
			Tremadocian							Tremadocian				477.7
			Tremadocian							Tremadocian				Mansian †	483.55 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10							Batyrbaian				Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
			Jiangshanian							Batyrbaian						489.5
										Aksaian						490.7 *
				Sakian	492.2 *
			Paibian		494
			Paibian		Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian						497
				Ayusokkanian						Arcadian				498.4
				Mayan/Menevian										499.5
			Drumian	Mayan/Menevian										500.5
			Wuliuan	Amgan/Solvan										504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4	Amgan/Solvan						Branchian				509
				Toyonian	Lenian †									510 *
				Botomian										512.5 *
			Stage 3	Botomian										514
				Atdabanian										515.6 *
				Atdabanian						Placentian				517.1
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian										521
			Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian										525.5
			Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †									529
	Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
	Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
																			635