PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Silurian of England		Permian Subages of Germany	Carboniferous of Western Europe		European Faunal Units	Devonian of France	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Siberia			Precambrian of Russia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								Late Pleistocene					0.0117
				Chibanian								Middle Pleistocene					0.129
				Calabrian								Early Pleistocene					0.774
				Gelasian								Early Pleistocene					1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Villanyian		Late Pliocene					2.58
				Piacenzian						Ruscinian		Late Pliocene					3.1 *
				Zanclean						Ruscinian		Early Pliocene					3.6
			Miocene	Messinian						Turolian		Late Miocene					5.333
				Tortonian						Turolian							7.246
				Tortonian						Vallesian							8.7
				Serravallian						Astaracian		Middle Miocene					11.63
				Langhian						Astaracian		Middle Miocene					13.82
				Burdigalian						Orleanian		Early Miocene					15.98
				Burdigalian						Agenian							20
				Aquitanian						Agenian							20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian								Late Oligocene					23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian								Early Oligocene					27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian								Late Eocene					33.9
				Bartonian								Middle Eocene					37.71
				Lutetian								Middle Eocene					41.2
				Ypresian								Early Eocene					47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian								Late Paleocene					56
				Selandian								Middle Paleocene					59.2
				Danian								Early Paleocene					61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian													66
				Campanian													72.1
				Santonian													83.6
				Coniacian													86.3
				Turonian													89.8
				Cenomanian													93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian													100.5
				Aptian													113
				Barremian													121.4
				Hauterivian													125.77
				Valanginian													132.6
				Berriasian													139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian													145
				Kimmeridgian													149.2
				Oxfordian													154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
				Bathonian													165.3
				Bajocian													168.2
				Aalenian													170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian													174.7
				Pliensbachian													184.2
				Sinemurian													192.9
				Hettangian													199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian													201.4
				Norian													208.5
				Carnian													227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian													237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian													242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian													247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan													251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian			Buntsandstein										251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Buntsandstein										254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian			Ohre/Aller										259.51
				Wordian			Leine										264.28
				Roadian													266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian													273.01
				Artinskian													283.5
				Sakmarian													290.1
				Asselian													293.52
				Asselian				Kuzel									297.7
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	298.9				Kuzel
				Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
					Stephanian B	300.9 *
					Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian		Stephanian A	303.7
			Kasimovian		Cantabrian	305 *
			Moscovian		Cantabrian	307
				Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
					Westphalian C	309.8
					Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian		Westphalian B	315.2
					Westphalian A	317 *
				Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
					Marsdenian	320.2 *
					Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
					Alportian	322 *
					Chokierian	323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian		Chokierian	323.2
					Arnsbergian	324 *
					Pendleian	327.4 *
			Visean	Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
				Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
				Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
			Tournaisian	Ivorian		346.7
			Tournaisian	Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian			Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian			Frasnian		Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian			Givetian		Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian			Couvinien		Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian					Emsian	393.3
			Pragian					Siegen	407.6
			Pragian			Coblencien		Siegen	408.2 *
			Lochkovian			Gedinnine		Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian		Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle		Whitcliffe/Leintwardine			419.2
		Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle		Bringewood/Elton			421.3
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			Coalbrookdale		Wenlock (England)/Tickwood			423
			Gorstian								425.6
			Gorstian					Buildwas			426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian					Buildwas			Gleedonian	427.4
						Wych		Woolhope			Gleedonian	428.4 *
											Whitwellian	429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian									430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian									433.4
			Telychian									436.3 *
			Aeronian									438.5
			Aeronian			Cowleigh Park						439.3 *
			Rhuddanian			Cowleigh Park						440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian									443.8
			Katian									445.2
			Sandbian									453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian									458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian									467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian									470
			Tremadocian									477.7
	Mansian †		Tremadocian									483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Batyrbaian									Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian	Batyrbaian											489.5
			Aksaian											490.7 *
			Sakian				492.2 *
		Paibian					494
		Paibian					Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian						494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Ayusokkanian										497
		Guzhangian	Mayan/Menevian										499.5
		Drumian	Mayan/Menevian										500.5
		Wuliuan	Amgan/Solvan										504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Amgan/Solvan										509
			Toyonian				Lenian †						510 *
			Botomian										512.5 *
		Stage 3	Botomian										514
		Stage 3	Atdabanian										515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Tommotian										521
		Stage 2	Nemakit-Daldynian										525.5
		Fortunian	Nemakit-Daldynian				Manykaian †						529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran													Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian														635
		Tonian														720
		Tonian													Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian													Karatau	1000
		Stenian													Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian													Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian													Burzyan	1375
																	1400